Lab Objectives BIO 3220 Fall 2020 Virtual

Fall 2020 Virtual Lab Schedule

Instructor:  Dr. C. Hays, Office:  Science 2032


REQUIRED: Comparative Anatomy Manual, of Vertebrate Dissection, 3rd Edition, Fishbeck & Sebastiani, Morton Publishing Company, 2015.  ISBN 978-1-61731-042-3

 


THE PROCHORDATE, THE LAMPREY, INTEGUMENT

AUGUST 17-23 – THE PROCHORDATE, THE LAMPREY, INTEGUMENT

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES:

Introduction

1. List five fundamental characteristics of a chordate.

** 14 points 2. Describe the following directional terms and planes: dorsal, ventral, caudal, cranial, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, distal, sagittal, mid-sagittal, transverse and frontal.

Chapter 3

**2 points 1. Classify Amphioxus (=Branchiostoma) in the appropriate phylum and subphylum.

2. Why do we study Amphioxus if it is not a vertebrate?

**2 points 3. Define myomere.

4. Where does the mature Amphioxus spend most of their “time”?

 Chapter 14

**2 points 1. Classify lampreys in the appropriate phylum and subphylum.

2. Describe the vertebrates that belong in this group.

**1 point 3. What is the name of the larval form of the lamprey?

4. Briefly, describe the life cycle of a lamprey.

**2 points 5. Describe the jaw of lamprey. Define agnathan.

**2 points 6. What is the difference between the terms myotome and

myomere?

 Chapter 4 & & 15 & 24 & 52

**1 point 1. Are fish scales embedded in the epidermis or dermis ?

**2 points 2. Name the two skin layers.

3. Characterize keratin.

**2 points 4. List some examples of epidermal derivatives in mammals.


Introduction: Read this chapter and review anatomical terminology on p.5.

 Chapter 3: Read this chapter and Identify, Label, and Color the following on Amphioxus:

(You may use larvae labeling picture on Canvas or create your own drawing. 6 points) Myomeres, Notochord, Nerve cord, Pharynx with Pharyngeal slits, Anus.

Chapter 14: Read this chapter and Identify, Label, and Color the following on a whole Lamprey Eel:

(You may use eel labeling picture on Canvas or create your own drawing. 6 points) Mouth (Buccal funnel), Eye, Dorsal fin, Cloaca (or anus), External gill slits, Caudal fin.

Identify, Label, and Color the following on Ammocoetes larva:

(You may use larvae labeling picture on Canvas or create your own drawing. 13 points) Oral hood (with tentacles or lobes), Gill pouch,  Intestine, Anus, Liver, Gall bladder, Heart, Brain, Spinal cord, Eye, Notochord, Dorsal fin, Caudal fin.

Identify, Label, and Color the following on a cross section through the pharynx of Ammocoetes:

(You may use eel labeling picture on Canvas or create your own drawing. 4 points) Myomeres, External gill slit, Notochord, Spinal cord.

Chapter 4: Read this chapter and sketch a simple picture of each of these types of scales: Placoid, Ganoid, Ctenoid and Cycloid scales. Also see figures 4.2, 15.11, 15.12, 15.13, 24.6. (4 points)

Identify, Label, and Color the four labeled portions of mammalian skin: Epidermis, Dermis, Hair root, Hair shaft. See figures 52.2, 52.3, 52.4. (Use the scale/skin labeling photo found on Canvas or sketch your own picture. 4 points)


THE SKELETON

AUGUST 24-SEPTEMBER 20 – THE SKELETON

{Suggested timeline: 3 labs for skull, 1 lab for trunk (vertebrae, ribs, sternum), 3 labs for girdles and limbs.}

 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES:

Chapter 5, 16, 24, 26, 35, 44, 53

**4 points 1. List four functions of the skeletal system.

**4 points 2. Describe the difference between the axial and appendicular divisions of the skeletal system.

**2 points 3. Define girdle.

4. Contrast the difference in the embryonic origin of dermal and endochondral bone.

5. Classify the chondrocranium, splanchnocranium and dermatocranium as dermal or endochondral bone.

**3 points 6. Define fissure, foramen and foramina.

**2 points 7. Define polyphyodont, diphyodont.

**2 points 8. What is the dental formula of the cat?

9. Differentiate a primary palate from a secondary palate.

10. Define turbinates and conchae. Describe their functions.

**2 points 11. Define suture as it relates to the skull.

** 2 points 12. Describe a simple method of telling caudal vertebrae from the other types of vertebrae.

13. Identify two phylogenetic trends in the vertebral column.

14. Describe the advantage of having cervical vertebra(e).

15. What is the function of the sacral vertebra(e)?

**3 points 16. What is meant by a bicipital rib? Name the two articulations.

**2 points 17. What is a urostyle? A pygostyle?

18. Why is the bird vertebral column a good example of form matching function?

**2 points 19. What is the synsacrum in birds?

**2 points 20. What is the term used for fin supportive elements?

**2 points 21. Would one find a clasper on male or female sharks? What is its function?

**1 point 22. What is the singular form of “phalanges?”

**4 points 23. What is the innominate bone? Describe the position of the three bones that form the os coxae in tetrapods.

**4 points 24. Describe four overall patterns of evolutionary change of the skeleton.

**2 points 25.  The carpal and metacarpal bones in the pectoral appendage are analogous to the ? and ? in the pelvic appendage.

** 11 points 26.  What is a condyle and why is it there?  What is an epicondyle and why is it there? What is a tubercle (tuberosity) and why is it there?  What is a process and why is it there?  What is a meatus? What is a trochanter and which is the only bone that has one?

**10 points 27. Name the five regions of cat vertebrae and indicate how many vertebrae in each region.  (If the vertebrae are fused, make sure to mention that.)

**2 points 28.  What is the purpose of the uncinate process in the bird?

**3 points 29.  Put these structures in order from dorsal to ventral:  Notocord, Neural canal with its nerve cord, Hemal canal.


 SKULL

Identify, Label, and Color the following structures on Squalus head skeleton (Chapter 16):

(You may use squalus chondro labeling picture on Canvas or create your own drawing. 13 points)

CHONDROCRANIUM (Neurocranium):

Rostrum, Nasal or Olfactory capsule, Preorbital process, Postorbital process, Precerebral cavity, Rostral fenestrae, Epiphyseal foramen, Superficial ophthalmic foramina, Foramen magnum, Vagus foramen, Glossopharyngeal foramen, Basitrabecular process, Optic foramen.

(You may use squalus splanchno labeling picture on Canvas or create your own drawing. 14 points)

SPLANCHNOCRANIUM:

Seven visceral arches, Five branchial arches, Pharyngobranchial, Epibranchial, Ceratobranchial, Hypobranchial, Basibranchial, Mandibular arch, Palatoquadrate cartilage, Meckel’s = Mandibular Cartilage, Hyoid arch, Hyomandibular cartilage, Ceratohyal, Basihyal.

Identify, Label, and Color the following on an Amia skull (or other bony fish) (Use handout provided and Chapter 24.  I have the handout posted under Discussions on Canvas):

(You may use bird/turtle labeling picture on Canvas or create your own drawing. 3 points)

DERMATOCRANIUM:

Orbit, Maxilla. These are the same in Amia as in the Perch on page 203.

SPLANCHNOCRANIUM:

Quadrate.  Use the Amia handout for these.

Identify, Label, and Color the following on a Necturus skull (Chapter 26):

(You may use necturus skull labeling picture on Canvas or create your own drawing. 12 points)

NEUROCRANIUM and DERMATOCRANIUM and SPLANCHNOCRANIUM:

Ethmoid plate, Quadrate, Exoccipital bone with its Occipital condyle, Premaxilla, Frontal, Parietal, Squamosal, Parasphenoid, Vomer, Dentary, Angular, Splenial.

Identify, Label, and Color the following on a Chelydra skull (Use handout provided):

(You may use bird/turtle labeling picture on Canvas or create your own drawing. 7 points)

DERMATOCRANIUM:

Orbits, Premaxilla, Maxilla, Frontal, Parietal, Squamosal.

NEUROCRANIUM:

Supraoccipital.

Identify, Label, and Color the following on a cat skull (Chapter 53):

(You may use cat skull and cat jaw labeling picture on Canvas or create your own drawing. 28 points)

DERMATOCRANIUM and NEUROCRANIUM:

Premaxilla, Maxilla, Palatine, Frontal, Orbit, Zygomatic (= Malar =Jugal),  Zygomatic arch, Parietal, Occipital, Basioccipital, Occipital condyle, Foramen magnum, Basisphenoid, Presphenoid, Nasal, Optic foramen, Orbital fissure, Foramen rotundum, Foramen ovale, Anterior palatine foramen, Jugular foramen, External auditory meatus, Tympanic bulla, Mandible made of two Dentary bones, Condyloid process, Mental foramina, Coronoid process, Angular process.

 


 TRUNK

Identify, Label, and Color a cross section of a Squalus tail (Chapter 16).

(You may use squalus fins labeling picture on Canvas or create your own drawing. 2 points)

Notochord remnant in centrum, Caudal Blood Vessels in the Hemal arch. See Figure 16.13

 Identify, Label, and Color Necturus skeletons (Chapter 26):

(You may use necturus skull labeling picture on Canvas or create your own drawing. 7 points)

Transverse processes, Vertebral canal, Neural spine, Cranial zygapophyses = Prezygapophyses, Caudal zygapophyses = Postzygapophyses, Vertebral body = Centrum, Ribs.

Identify, Label, and Color the following on bird skeletons (Chapter 44): 

(You may use bird/turtle labeling picture on Canvas or create your own drawing. 4 points)

Cervical vertebrae, Ribs, Uncinate processes, Pygostyle.

 Identify, Label, and Color the following on the cat (Chapter 53):

(You may use cat axial labeling picture on Canvas or create your own drawing. 14 points)

Cervical vertebrae, Lumbar vertebrae, Vertebral body = Centrum, Neural canal = Vertebral canal, Spinous process, Pedicle, Transverse foramen, Pleurapophysis (type of transverse process), Mammillary process, Sacrum,  Rib: Head = Capitulum, Tuberculum, Neck, Body.


APPENDICULAR SKELETON – GIRDLES and LIMBS

 Identify, Label, and Color the following on Squalus specimens (Chapter 16):

(You may use squalus fin labeling picture on Canvas or create your own drawing. 11 points)

Pectoral Girdle & Fin (include pectoral girdle and fin in your labeling): Coracoid bar, Scapular cartilage, Suprascapular cartilage, Basal Pterygiophores, Radial Pterygiophores, Ceratotrichia-Cartilaginous fish (or Lepidotrichia-Bony fish).

Pelvic Girdle & Fin (include pelvic girdle and fin in your labeling): Puboischiadic bar, Radial pterygiophores, Ceratotrichia-Cartilaginous fish (or Lepidotrichia-Bony fish).

 Identify, Label, and Color the following on Necturus skeleton(Chapter 26):

(You may use necturus skull labeling picture on Canvas or create your own drawing. 16 points)

Pectoral Girdle & Appendage: Scapula, Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges.

Pelvic Girdle & Appendage: Ilium, Pubis, Ischium, Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges.

 Identify, Label, and Color the following on bird skeletons (Chapter 44):

(You may use bird/turtle labeling picture on Canvas or create your own drawing. 12 points)

Pectoral Girdle and Appendage: Procoracoid = Anterior coracoid, Clavicle, Sternum, Humerus, Ulna,  Carpometacarpus, Digit II (note, the most proximal is I and the longest is II).

Pelvic Girdle and Appendage: Pubis, Femur, Tibiotarsus, Tarsometatarsus, Digit I.

 Identify, Label, and Color the following on cat skeletons (Chapter 53):

(You may use cat pectoral and cat pelvic labeling picture on Canvas or create your own drawing. 41 points)

Pectoral Girdle and Appendage: Scapula: Glenoid fossa, Scapular spine, Infraspinous fossa, Supraspinous fossa, Acromion process, Metacromion. Humerus: Lesser tuberosity (= tubercle), Greater tuberosity (= tubercle), Condyles -> Trochlea and Capitulum, Shaft. Radius: Head, Radial = Bicipital tuberosity, Styloid process. Ulna: Olecranon, Semilunar notch, Styloid process. Carpal bones. Metacarpals. Phalanges with claws.

Pelvic Girdle and Appendage: Os coxae = Innominate bones: Ilium, Ischium, Pubis, Acetabulum, Obturator foramen. Femur: Head, Greater trochanter, Lateral and Medial condyles. Tibia: Condyles, Tibial Tuberosity, Medial malleolus. Fibula: Lateral malleolus.

 SEPTEMBER 20- Labeled and Colored Pictures Due; Answers to Selected Objectives Due (320 total points: 221 points drawings + 99 points objectives)


MUSCLES

SEPTEMBER 21-OCTOBER 11 – THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

{Suggested timeline: 1 lab for shark muscles, 1 lab for mud puppy muscles, 3 labs for cat muscles, 1 lab for review.}

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES:

Chapter 6, 17, 27, 54:

**9 points 1. Name the three muscle tissue types. Indicate whether each is voluntary or involuntary.  Indicate whether each is striated or non-striated.

**6 points 2. Define belly, origin, insertion.

**14 points 3. Describe the following muscle actions: Flex, Extend, Abduct, Adduct, Protract, Retract, Rotate.

**8 points 4. Define prime mover, syngergist, fixator and antagonist.

**4 points 5. Describe the location of hypobranchial muscles in the shark. What does “branch-” mean?

**11 points 6. Define the following roots or terms:  “brachio-“, “coraco-“, “cleido-“, “sterno”, “carpi”, “rectus”, “oblique”, “inter-“, “levator”, “capitis”, and “genio-“.

**7 points 7. Which muscles comprise the quadriceps muscles? Which muscles comprise the hamstring muscles?


Identify, Label, and Color the following muscles on Squalus as described in your lab manual (Chapter 17):

(You may use shark muscles 1 and 2 labeling picture on Canvas or create your own drawing. 19 points)

AXIAL MUSCLES: Myomeres, Myosepta, Linea alba, Horizontal septum, Epaxial musculature, Hypaxial musculature.

APPENDICULAR MUSCLES: Extensors (=abductors) and Flexors (=adductors) of Appendicular Fins.

BRANCHIOMERIC MUSCLES: Adductor mandibulae, Intermandibularis, Levator hyomandibulae, Levator hyoideus, Interhyoideus, Cucullaris, Dorsal and Ventral superficial branchial constrictors of Visceral Arches III-VII.

HYPOBRANCHIAL MUSCLES: Coracomandibularis, Coracoarcual, Coracohyoid.

Identify, Label, and Color Necturus muscles as described in your lab manual (Chapter 27):

(You may use necturus dorsal/ventral and lateral labeling pictures on Canvas or create your own drawing. 32 points)

AXIAL MUSCLES: Myomeres, Myosepta, Linea alba, Horizontal septum, Epaxial musculature exemplified by Dorsalis trunci, Hypaxial musculature exemplified by Rectus abdominis, External oblique, Internal oblique, Transversus abdominis.

HEAD MUSCLES (Hypobranchial & Branchiomeric): Adductor mandibulae anterior, Adductor mandibulae externus, Branchiohyoideus, Intermandibularis, Interhyoideus,  Geniohyoideus, Rectus cervicis.

APPENDICULAR MUSCLES: Procoracohumeralis, Supracoracoideus, Pectoralis,  Cucullaris, Scapular deltoid (Dorsalis scapulae), Latissimus dorsi, Triceps brachii, Coracobrachialis, Humeroantebrachialis, Puboischiofemoralis externus, Puboischiotibialis, Puboischiofemoralis internus, Pubotibialis, Iliotibialis, Ilioextensorius, Iliofibularis.

Identify, Label, and Color the cat muscles as described in your lab manual (Chapter 54):

Here are a couple of websites with nice photographs of cat muscles:

https://homes.bio.psu.edu/faculty/strauss/anatomy/musc/muscular.htm

catdissection1

catdissection2

(You may use cat muscle labeling pictures on Canvas or create your own drawing. 68 points)

SUPERFICIAL THORACIC MUSCLES: Pectoantebrachialis, Pectoralis major, Pectoralis minor, Xiphihumeralis.

ABDOMINAL MUSCLES: External oblique, Internal oblique, Transversus abdominis, Rectus abdominis, Linea alba.

DEEP THORACIC MUSCLES: Serratus ventralis, External intercostal.

SUPERFICIAL BACK MUSCLES: Clavotrapezius, Trapezius (Acromio-, Spino-portions), Latissimus dorsi.

NECK MUSCLES: Sternomastoid, Sternohyoid, Mylohyoid, Geniohyoid.

DEEP NECK & BACK MUSCLES: Rhomboideus capitis, Rhomboideus cervicis & thoracis, Splenius.

MUSCLES OF THE HEAD: Masseter, Temporalis, Digastric.

SHOULDER MUSCLES: Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres major, Levator Scapulae Ventralis, Acromiodeltoid, Spinodeltoid, Clavobrachialis ( = Clavodeltoid), Subscapularis.

PECTORAL LIMB MUSCLES: Biceps brachii, Triceps brachii (Lateral, Long, Medial Heads), Brachialis, Brachioradialis, Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis, Extensor digitorum communis, Extensor digitorum lateralis, Extensor carpi ulnaris, Flexor carpi ulnaris, Flexor digitorum superficialis ( = Palmaris longus), Flexor carpi radialis, Pronator teres.

THIGH  MUSCLES: Sartorius, Gracilis, Biceps femoris, Caudofemoralis, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus, Adductor femoris, Adductor longus, Pectineus, Tensor fasciae latae, Quadriceps femoris — Vastus lateralis, Rectus femoris, Vastus medialis, Vastus intermedius (deep to rectus femoris but not in illustrations – include an idea of where it would be) .

SHANK MUSCLES: Tibialis cranialis (= anterior), Extensor digitorum longus, Peroneus group, Flexor digitorum longus, Gastrocnemius.

HIP MUSCLES: Gluteus maximus, Gluteus medius.


DIGESTIVE & RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS

OCTOBER 12-25 – DIGESTIVE AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS

 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES:

Chapter 8, 18, 28, 55

**4 points 1. What are mesenteries? What are their functions?

**2 points 2. Define viscera.

**12 points 3.  Provide a description of the pleural cavity, parietal peritoneum, parietal pleura, visceral peritoneum, visceral pleura and peritoneal cavity.

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES:

Chapters 8, 19, 29, 56

1. Describe the overall process of digestion.

**2 points 2. Name two different structures that aid in mechanical breakdown of food.

**2 points 3. What is the function of the pharynx?

4. List two methods vertebrates utilize to maximize the efficiency of digestion.

**4 points 5. Name two structures of the alimentary canal that exemplify the need of increased surface area.

**4 points 6. Describe two functions of the liver.

**2 points 7. Name one reason why shark livers contain so much oil.

**2 points 8. Explain why the shark’s tongue is not a “true” tongue.

**2 points 9. Define sphincter.

**4 points 10. Describe the overall function of the respiratory system.

**2 points 11. What is a spiracle?

**4 points 12. Can a vertebrate live on land without lungs? Explain your answer.

**6 points 13. List the three parts of the mammalian small intestine.

**3 points 14. Name the three pairs of salivary glands in the cat.

**2 points 15. What is the function of the shark’s rectal gland.

**4 points 16.  Besides the obvious descriptive words, what is the difference between the hard palate and the soft palate?


Identify, Label and Color the following on Squalus (Chapter 19):

(You may use shark muscle 2 and shark digestive labeling pictures on Canvas or create your own drawing. 22 points)

Teeth, Oral cavity, Tongue, Pharynx, Esophagus with papillae, Stomach, Gastric rugae, Pyloric region of stomach, Valvular intestine, Spiral valve, Cloaca, Rectal gland, Liver, Gall bladder, Bile duct, Pancreas, Spleen, Spiracle, Internal gill slit, Gill rakers, Interbranchial septum, Gill filaments ( = lamellae).

Identify, Label, and Color the following on Necturus (Chapter 29):

(You may use necturus digestive and lateral muscles labeling pictures on Canvas or create your own drawing. 16 points)

Oral cavity, Teeth, Tongue, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Pyloric sphincter, Small intestine, Large intestine, Cloaca, Liver, Gall bladder, Pancreas, Spleen, External gills, Lung.

Identify, Label, and Color the following on the cat (Chapter 55):

(You may use cat respiratory structures and cat digestive labeling pictures on Canvas or create your own drawing. 2 points)

Diaphragm, Mesentery.

 Identify, Label and Color the following on the cat (Chapter 56):

(You may use cat digestive labeling, cat respiratory labeling, cat stomach labeling,  and cat neck labeling muscle/digestive pictures on Canvas or create your own drawing. 41 points)

Parotid salivary gland, Parotid duct, Mandibular salivary gland, Sublingual salivary gland, Oral cavity, Tongue, Hard palate, Soft palate, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Lesser curvature, Greater curvature, Fundus, Body, Pyloric region, Pylorus sphincter, Cardia, Gastric rugae, Small intestine (Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum), Cecum, Ascending colon, Transverse colon, Descending colon, Rectum, Anus, Liver, Gall bladder, Common bile duct, Pancreas, Spleen, External nares, Larynx, Epiglottis, Thyroid cartilage, Cricoid cartilage, Trachea, Primary bronchi, Lung.

 OCTOBER 25 – Labeled and Colored Pictures of Muscles, Respiratory and Digestive are Due; Answers to Selected Objectives Due (320 total points: 200 points drawings + 120 points objectives)


CIRCULATION

OCTOBER 26-NOVEMBER 8  – CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES:

Chapter 11, 21, 58

**3 points 1. List the overall components of the circulatory system.

**4 points 2. Differentiate veins from arteries.

**2 points 3. Describe the primary function of the capillary.

**2 points 4. Variations of circulatory anatomy are common. Name the type of blood vessel that shows considerable anatomical variation within a species.

**5 points 5. What is meant by a single pump circuit in the fish.

**4 points 6. Define afferent and efferent.

**4 points 7. Describe a portal system. The hepatic portal system carries blood between what organ(s)?

**7 points 8. Define the roots “lien-“, “hepat-“, “pulm-“, “lingu-“, “gastr-“, “costo-“, and “inter-“.

**8 points 9. Name the 4 heart chambers in a mammal.  Name the 4 heart valves.

**4 points 10. Describe the function of the heart valves.

**9 points 11.  Trace the blood flow through the heart chambers to and from the major blood vessels.  Include in your answer the four heart chambers, the precava, postcava, pulmonary veins, pulmonary trunk and aorta.


Identify, Label, and Color the following on Squalus (Chapter 21):

(You may use squalus heart/pharynx/tail, abdominal arteries, veins 1 and 2 labeling pictures on Canvas or create your own drawing. 24 points)

Heart, Sinus venosus, Atrium, Ventricle, Conus arteriosus, Ventral aorta, Afferent branchial arteries, Efferent branchial arteries, Dorsal aorta, Paired dorsal aortae, Coronary artery, Subclavian artery, Coeliac artery, Anterior mesenteric artery, Lienogastric (=Gastrosplenic) artery, Posterior mesenteric artery, Iliac artery, Caudal artery and vein, Hepatic portal vein, Posterior cardinal sinus & veins, Common cardinal veins, Lateral abdominal vein.

 Identify, Label, and Color the following on a sheep heart and cat (Chapter 58):

(You may use sheep heart labeling picture on Canvas for some of these structures, but will need to create your own drawing for structures not shown in the labeling picture, making it clear which chamber the structure is associated with. 17 points)

SHEEP: Left and right atrium, Left and right ventricles, Pulmonary trunk, Aorta, Pulmonary veins, Precava (= Anterior vena cava) , Postcava (= Posterior vena cava), Interatrial septum, Right atrioventricular valve = Tricuspid, Left atrioventricular valve = Bicuspid, Chordae tendineae, Papillary muscles, Interventricular septum, Aortic semilunar valve, Pulmonary semilunar valve.

(You may use cat anterior and posterior artery and vein labeling pictures on Canvas or create your own drawings. 48 points)

CAT: Aorta, Aortic arch, Thoracic aorta, Abdominal aorta, Brachiocephalic artery, Left & Right Subclavian arteries, Common carotid arteries, Vertebral artery, Axillary artery, Brachial artery, External carotid artery, Lingual artery,

External jugular vein, Transverse jugular vein, Internal jugular vein, Cephalic vein, Brachial vein, Subclavian vein, Axillary vein, Brachiocephalic veins, Vertebral vein, Precava, (=Cranial vena cava or Anterior vena cava), Azygous vein,

Coeliac artery, Hepatic artery, Left gastric artery, Splenic artery, Cranial mesenteric artery, Caudal mesenteric artery,

Caudal mesenteric vein, Cranial mesenteric vein, Gastrosplenic vein, Hepatic portal vein,

Renal artery and vein, Internal spermatic/Ovarian artery and vein, Deep ilial circumflex artery and vein, External iliac artery, Femoral artery and vein, Internal iliac artery,

External iliac vein, Internal iliac vein, Common iliac veins, Postcava (=Caudal vena cava or Posterior vena cava).

Note: the following URL has good cat vessel and sheep heart pictures: https://homes.bio.psu.edu/faculty/strauss/anatomy/

 


EXCRETION & REPRODUCTION

NOVEMBER 9,15 – UROGENITAL SYSTEM

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES:

Chapter 9, 20, 30, 57

1. Summarize the function of the excretory system.

2. Summarize the function of the reproductive system.

**2 points 3. Define retroperitoneal, as it relates to the kidney.

**2 points 4. Name the male copulatory organ in the dogfish shark.

**4 points 5. Define viviparous and give an example of a vertebrate that is viviparous.

**4 points 6. Define oviparous. Give and example of a vertebrate that is oviparous.

**4 points 7. Explain what the term “urogenital sinus” means in both males and females.

**3 points 8.  The human uterus does not have horns, but the cat uterus does.  Explain why.


Identify, Label, and Color the following on Squalus (Chapter 20):

(You may use squalus urogenital labeling picture on Canvas or create your own drawing. 9 points)

Kidney, Archinephric duct (easier to find in male, and is modified & known as Ductus deferens or Vas deferens in males), Ovary, Oviduct, Uterus, Cloaca, Testis, Seminal vesicle, Clasper.

 Identify, Label, and Color the following on Necturus (Chapter 30):

(You may use necturus urogenital labeling picture on Canvas or create your own drawing. 10 points)

Kidneys, Archinephric ducts (coiled in male & easier to see), Cloaca, Urinary bladder, Ovaries, Mesovarium, Oviducts, Ostium tubae, Testes, Mesorchium.

 Identify, Label and Color the following on the cat(Chapter 57):

(You may use the male and female cat urogenital labeling pictures on Canvas or create your own drawings. 17 points)

Kidneys, Renal cortex, Renal medulla, Renal pelvis, Ureter, Urinary Bladder, Urethra, Ovaries, Oviduct (=Uterine tube), Uterine horns, Body of uterus, Vagina, Urogenital sinus (=urethra in male, but common opening for vagina & urethra in female), Testis,  Spermatic cord containing the Ductus deferens,  Penis, Prostate gland.

Note: the following URL has good cat organ pictures: https://homes.bio.psu.edu/faculty/strauss/anatomy/


NERVOUS SYSTEM

NOVEMBER 16 – DECEMBER 6 – NERVOUS SYSTEM

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES:

Chapter 12, 22, 59

1. Describe the overall function of the nervous system. Define receptor and effector.

**2 points 2. Classify the nervous system into two subdivisions.

**4 points 3. What type of information is carried by afferent neurons? By efferent neurons?

4. Classify the following as visceral or somatic: Skeletal muscle, skin, bones, liver, intestine, lung, heart, and stomach.

**2 points 5. Define mixed as it pertains to nerves.

** 12 points 6. Typically anamniotes possess how many cranial nerves? Name them.

**12 points 7. Typically amniotes possess how many cranial nerves? Name them.

**2 points 8. Although it is considered a “nerve”, which cranial nerve is not really a nerve at all?

**16 points 9. Name the three regions of the embryonic brain. These three regions differentiate into what five regions during development.

10. Name the structures found in the five brain regions.

**6 points 11. Name the three layers of mammalian meninges.

**6 points 12. Describe the function of the pineal gland/organ in lower and higher vertebrates.

**2 points 13.  Name the substance found in the brain ventricles.


Identify, Label, and Color the following on Squalus (Chapter 22):

(You may use squalus brain labeling pictures on Canvas or create your own drawing. 21 points)

(Note:  Bold print indicates the regions of the brain and structures following the bold print are located within that region. Bold print terms must be included in your labeling/coloring.)

DORSAL STRUCTURES: Telencephalon, Olfactory bulb, Olfactory tract, Cerebral hemispheres, Diencephalon, Tela choroidea, Mesencephalon, Optic lobes, Metencephalon, Cerebellum, Myelencephalon, Medulla Oblongata.

VENTRAL STRUCTURES: Pituitary gland (Hypophysis), Optic nerve, Optic chiasma.

SAGITTAL SECTION STRUCTURES: Lateral ventricles (Ventricles I and II), Third ventricle, Fourth ventricle, Optic ventricle, Cerebellar ventricle, Cerebral aqueduct (Aqueduct of Sylvius).

 Identify, Label, and Color the following on a mammalian (sheep) brain (Chapter 59): 

(You may use sheep brain dorsal and ventral/sagittal labeling pictures on Canvas or create your own drawings. 39 points)

(Note:  Bold print indicates the regions of the brain and structures following the bold print are located within that region.  Bold print terms must be included in your labeling/coloring.)

Telencephalon, Cerebrum/Cerebral hemispheres, Gyri, Sulci, Olfactory bulbs (part of I), Diencephalon, Hypothalamus (including Optic chiasma, Infundibulum, Mammillary body), Thalamus (Intermediate mass), Optic nerves (II), Optic tract, Mesencephalon, Corpora quadrigemina, Superior colliculi, Inferior colliculi, Cerebral peduncle, Oculomotor nerve (III), Trochlear nerves (IV), Metencephalon, Pons, Cerebellum, Vermis, Cerebellar hemispheres,Myelencephalon, Medulla oblongata, Trigeminal nerve (V), Abducens nerve (VI), Accessory (XI), Hypoglossal nerve (XII).

SAGITTAL SECTION STRUCTURES: Corpus collosum, Fornix, Lateral ventricle, Third ventricle, Midbrain (=cerebral) aqueduct, Fourth ventricle, Pineal body, Arbor vitae.

DECEMBER 6 – Labeled and Colored Pictures Due; Answers to Selected Objectives Due (320 total points: 185 points drawings + 135 points objectives)