{"id":135,"date":"2015-08-07T17:09:14","date_gmt":"2015-08-07T17:09:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/?page_id=135"},"modified":"2015-08-22T00:53:54","modified_gmt":"2015-08-22T00:53:54","slug":"outline-3-bio-2310-neurophysiology","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/biology-courses\/human-anatomy-physiology-homepage-bio-2310\/outline-3-bio-2310-neurophysiology\/","title":{"rendered":"Outline-3, BIO 2310, Neurophysiology"},"content":{"rendered":"

III. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY<\/strong><\/p>\n

A. Membrane Potentials<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Anion, cation distribution<\/p>\n

Fixed anions inside cell, Potassium and Sodium are primary cations<\/em><\/p>\n

2. K potentials {155mEq\/l inside; 4mEq\/l outside}<\/p>\n

3. Na potentials {12 mEq\/l inside; 145mEq\/l outside}<\/p>\n

4. Resting Membrane Potential<\/strong>[-65 to -85mV]\n

There is a charge difference inside versus outside of the cell<\/em><\/p>\n

a. Na\/K pump [200mill\/sec]\n

3 Na out for every 2 K in contributes to resting membrane potential<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Differential permeability<\/p>\n

Unstimulated membrane is permeable to K but not Na<\/em><\/p>\n

c. K diffusion<\/p>\n

K tends to diffuse out of the cell<\/em><\/p>\n

d. Na diffusion<\/p>\n

Na tries to diffuse into cell but cannot due to membrane permeability<\/em><\/p>\n

B. Action Potential<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Local potential<\/strong>{Depolarization below threshold}<\/p>\n

Stimulation results in sodium gate to open, and sodium enters cell<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Events of Action Potential<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Depolarization to threshold<\/p>\n

b. Na gates open, Na in<\/p>\n

c. + feedback, voltage regulated gates<\/p>\n

d. Short-lived<\/p>\n

Sodium gates are open for a very short time<\/em><\/p>\n

e. Repolarization; K gates<\/p>\n

Potassium gates are open for a longer period of time<\/em><\/p>\n

f. Na\/K pump<\/p>\n

Returns Na and K concentrations back to normal after action potential is completed<\/em><\/p>\n

g. All or none<\/strong><\/p>\n

C.\u00a0<\/strong>Nerve Impulse<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Unmyelinated axons<\/p>\n

a. Current flow<\/p>\n

b. Depolarization & Action potentials in adjacent areas<\/p>\n

c. Unidirectional –based on the action potential beginning at one end of the neuron<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Myelinated axons<\/p>\n

a. Saltatory conduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

b. Speed (225mph)<\/p>\n

-Temperature<\/p>\n

-Size<\/p>\n

-Presence of Myelin<\/p>\n

c. Efficiency<\/p>\n

d. Newborns<\/p>\n

Myelination is not yet complete<\/em><\/p>\n

D. Synapses<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Presynaptic Neuron<\/p>\n

2. Postsynaptic Neuron<\/p>\n

3. Convergence\/Divergence<\/p>\n

4. Chemical synapses; Synaptic Cleft<\/p>\n

5. Synaptic delay<\/p>\n

6. NEUROTRANSMITTERS<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Synaptic vesicles<\/p>\n

b. Receptors<\/p>\n

c. Fate of<\/p>\n

d. Acetylcholine as an example<\/p>\n

-Acetylcholinesterase<\/p>\n

Breaks down acetylcholine<\/em><\/p>\n

e. Norepinephrine (made from\u00a0<\/em>tyrosine) {arousal, dreams}<\/p>\n

f. Epinephrine {emotions, behaviors}made from tyrosine<\/em><\/p>\n

g. Dopamine {speed-build up causes euphoria; emotional responses}made from tyrosine<\/em><\/p>\n

-Catecholamines\u00a0group of neurotransmitters synthesized from tyrosine<\/em><\/p>\n

h. Serotonin {sleep, temp. reg.}<\/p>\n

i. Amino acids, Hormones<\/p>\n

7. Neuromodulators<\/p>\n

Chemicals that influence the synthesis\/effectiveness of, or response to neurotransmitters<\/em><\/p>\n

a. Enkephalins<\/p>\n

a specific endorphin, runners “high”<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Endorphins<\/p>\n

Morphine-like chemical that inhibits release of pain neurotransmitters<\/em><\/p>\n

8. Excitatory synapses (EPSP – excitatory postsynaptic potential)<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Temporal Summation<\/p>\n

b. Spatial Summation<\/p>\n

9. Inhibitory synapses (IPSP – inhibitory postsynaptic potential)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hyperpolarization<\/em><\/p>\n

10. Receptors<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Definition<\/p>\n

1.\u00a0Dendrite<\/p>\n

2. Specific<\/p>\n

3. Converts energy forms to electrical signal<\/p>\n

b.\u00a0Stimulus<\/p>\n

1. Graded<\/p>\n

2. Intensity<\/p>\n

c. Adaptation<\/p>\n

11.\u00a0Effectors<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Bring response<\/p>\n

b. Neuromuscular junction<\/p>\n

c. End-Plate potential<\/p>\n

Graded potential<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

III. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY A. Membrane Potentials 1. Anion, cation distribution Fixed anions inside cell, Potassium and Sodium are primary cations 2. K potentials {155mEq\/l inside; 4mEq\/l outside} 3. Na potentials {12 mEq\/l inside; 145mEq\/l outside} 4. Resting Membrane Potential[-65 to -85mV] … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":270,"featured_media":0,"parent":42,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-135","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/135","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/270"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=135"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/135\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/42"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=135"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}