{"id":137,"date":"2015-08-08T15:10:50","date_gmt":"2015-08-08T15:10:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/?page_id=137"},"modified":"2015-08-10T23:36:27","modified_gmt":"2015-08-10T23:36:27","slug":"outline-3-bio-2310-spinal-cord-and-spinal-nerves","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/biology-courses\/human-anatomy-physiology-homepage-bio-2310\/outline-3-bio-2310-spinal-cord-and-spinal-nerves\/","title":{"rendered":"Outline-3, BIO 2310, Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves"},"content":{"rendered":"

IV. SPINAL CORD AND SPINAL NERVES<\/strong><\/p>\n

A. General function<\/p>\n

Carry messages to and from brain, spinal reflexes<\/em><\/p>\n

B. Location<\/p>\n

Vertebral foramen; foramen magnum to about L2<\/em><\/p>\n

C. Spinal Nerves<\/p>\n

-Cauda equina<\/p>\n

Inferior spinal nerves resembling a horse’s tail<\/em><\/p>\n

D. Cervical & Lumbar Enlargements<\/p>\n

E. Meninges<\/strong><\/p>\n

Protective membranes of CNS. Meninx is singular.<\/em><\/p>\n

1. Dura mater<\/strong><\/p>\n

Outermost membrane, dense.<\/em><\/p>\n

-Epidural space<\/p>\n

Most epidural anesthetics are given at L2<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Arachnoid<\/strong><\/p>\n

Middle spider web-like layer<\/em><\/p>\n

-Subarachnoid space<\/p>\n

Location of CSF<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Pia mater<\/strong><\/p>\n

Innermost delicate layer<\/em><\/p>\n

F. Gray Matter<\/p>\n

1. Central Canal<\/p>\n

Contains CSF<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Posterior (dorsal) horns\/Anterior (ventral) horns<\/p>\n

Dorsal is sensory pathway, ventral is motor pathway<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Dorsal\/Ventral nerve fibers<\/p>\n

G. White Matter<\/p>\n

1. Columns (Anterior, Posterior, Lateral)<\/p>\n

2. Ascending tracts (sensory) {Cross}<\/p>\n

3. Descending Tracts (motor) {Cross} U.M.N.– Upper motor neurons<\/em><\/p>\n

H. Spinal Reflex Arc<\/p>\n

1. Definition ofreflex<\/strong><\/p>\n

Automatic, stereotyped reaction to a stimulus such that a particular stimulus always elicits a particular response.<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Receptor<\/p>\n

3. Sensory (afferent) neuron<\/p>\n

4. Spinal cord<\/p>\n

5. Motor (efferent) neuron L.M.N.<\/p>\n

6. Effector<\/p>\n

7. Somatic, Autonomic Reflexes<\/p>\n

Somatic reflexes have skeletal muscle as effectors, autonomic reflexes have smooth muscle, cardiac muscle or glands as effectors.<\/em><\/p>\n

8. Monosynaptic<\/p>\n

9. Polysynaptic<\/p>\n

a. Ipsilateral (Flexor)<\/p>\n

Also known as withdrawal reflex<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Contralateral (Crossed Extensor)<\/p>\n

I. Spinal Nerves<\/strong><\/p>\n

31 pair,\u00a0Spinal nerves are mixed with sensory and motor pathways.<\/em><\/p>\n

1. Dorsal and Ventral Roots<\/p>\n

Near the spinal cord, the spinal nerve splits into a dorsal root which carries sensory information in to the spinal cord and a ventral root which carries motor information out of the spinal cord.<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Dorsal and Ventral Rami<\/p>\n

Branching of spinal nerve once it emerges from intervertebral foramen.<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Plexuses<\/strong><\/p>\n

Network of adjacent spinal nerves<\/em><\/p>\n

a. Cervical (C1-C4-5)<\/p>\n

1. Phrenic Nerve<\/p>\n

Innervates diaphragm<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Brachial (C5-T1)<\/p>\n

1. Radial<\/p>\n

Innervates arm and forearm extensors<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Musculocutaneous<\/p>\n

Innervates elbow flexors<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Ulnar<\/p>\n

Innervates flexors of wrist, fingers medial side<\/em><\/p>\n

4. Median<\/p>\n

Innervates flexors of wrist, fingers lateral side<\/em><\/p>\n

c. Lumbar (T12\/L1-L4)<\/p>\n

1. Femoral<\/p>\n

Innervates thigh flexors and knee extensors<\/em><\/p>\n

d. Sacral (L4-S4)<\/p>\n

1. Sciatic<\/p>\n

Innervates posterior thigh, leg and foot<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

IV. SPINAL CORD AND SPINAL NERVES A. General function Carry messages to and from brain, spinal reflexes B. Location Vertebral foramen; foramen magnum to about L2 C. Spinal Nerves -Cauda equina Inferior spinal nerves resembling a horse’s tail D. Cervical … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":270,"featured_media":0,"parent":42,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-137","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/137","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/270"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=137"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/137\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/42"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=137"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}