{"id":139,"date":"2015-08-08T15:19:20","date_gmt":"2015-08-08T15:19:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/?page_id=139"},"modified":"2015-08-10T23:37:05","modified_gmt":"2015-08-10T23:37:05","slug":"outline-3-bio-2310-brain-and-cranial-nerves","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/biology-courses\/human-anatomy-physiology-homepage-bio-2310\/outline-3-bio-2310-brain-and-cranial-nerves\/","title":{"rendered":"Outline-3, BIO 2310, Brain and Cranial Nerves"},"content":{"rendered":"

V. BRAIN & CRANIAL NERVES<\/strong><\/p>\n

The brain weighs about 2% of your body weight and yet uses about 18% of your body’s energy and consists of billions of neurons.<\/em><\/p>\n

A. Meninges<\/strong><\/p>\n

Same three layers as spinal cord.<\/em><\/p>\n

B. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Function<\/p>\n

Cushion, transport<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Location<\/p>\n

Brain ventricles, Subarachnoid space, central canal of spinal cord<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Formation of<\/p>\n

a. Choroid plexus<\/p>\n

Capillary network<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Circulation<\/p>\n

4. Lateral ventricles<\/p>\n

Cerebrum<\/em><\/p>\n

-Interventricular foramen<\/p>\n

5. Third ventricle<\/p>\n

Diencephalon<\/em><\/p>\n

-Cerebral aqueduct=Mesencephalic Aqueduct<\/p>\n

6. Fourth ventricle<\/p>\n

Ventral to cerebellum<\/em><\/p>\n

C. Brain Stem<\/strong>(Cranial nerves 3-12)<\/p>\n

1. Medulla oblongata<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Location<\/p>\n

Most inferior, continuous with spinal cord<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Function<\/p>\n

1. All ascending\/descending tracts between brain & spinal cord (Pyramidal motor tracts)<\/p>\n

2. Vital reflexes<\/p>\n

-Cardiac center<\/p>\n

-Breathing center<\/p>\n

-Vasomotor center<\/p>\n

-Misc. (sneeze, hiccup, cough, vomit)<\/p>\n

3. Reticular formation (R.A.S..)<\/p>\n

Located in medulla, pons, mesencephalon and diencephalon<\/em><\/p>\n

Activation of RAS leads to arousal, inactivation leads to sleep<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Pons<\/strong>(“bridge””)<\/em><\/p>\n

a. Location<\/p>\n

Just superior to medulla oblongata<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Function<\/p>\n

1. Bridges cerebrum, cerebellum, Spinal cord<\/p>\n

2. Aids in respiratory control<\/p>\n

3. Mesencephalon (midbrain)<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Location<\/p>\n

Between pons & diencephalon<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Cerebral peduncles (connect Upper\/Lower Brain and spinal cord)<\/p>\n

c. Corpora quadrigemina<\/p>\n

1. Superior colliculi (visual reflexes)<\/p>\n

2. Inferior colliculi (auditory reflexes)<\/p>\n

D. Diencephalon<\/strong>(cranial nerve 2)<\/p>\n

1. Thalamus<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Location, 3rd ventricleTwo oval masses with bridge (intermediate mass) connecting the two<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Function – sensory relay<\/p>\n

With the exception of olfaction, all sensory tracts pass through the thalamus on the way to the cerebrum.<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Hypothalamus<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Location<\/p>\n

b. Function<\/p>\n

1. Regulates ANS<\/p>\n

2. Regulates release & produces some hormones<\/p>\n

3. Receives sensory information on internal environment<\/p>\n

4. Temperature regulation<\/p>\n

5. Regulates water balance, appetite, sexual activity<\/p>\n

6. Mind over body, emotions, rage, panic, fear, R.A.S..<\/p>\n

E. Cerebrum<\/strong>(cranial nerve 1)<\/p>\n

1. Location<\/p>\n

Bulk of brain anterior and dorsal<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Fissure = deep grooves, gyri (convolutions) = folds, sulci = grooves<\/p>\n

3. Lobes<\/p>\n

a. Temporal<\/p>\n

b. Frontal<\/p>\n

c. Occipital<\/p>\n

d. Parietal<\/p>\n

4. Hemispheres<\/p>\n

-Longitudinal fissure<\/p>\n

5. Lateral ventricles<\/p>\n

6. White matter<\/p>\n

a. Projection fibers<\/p>\n

Carries descending motor information from cerebral cortex, carries ascending sensory information from lower brain to cerebral cortex.<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Association fibers<\/p>\n

Connects ipsilateral areas of the cerebral cortex.<\/em><\/p>\n

c. Commissural fibers<\/p>\n

Contralateral cerebral cortex fibers.<\/em><\/p>\n

-Corpus Callosum<\/p>\n

7. Gray Matter<\/p>\n

–Cerebral cortex<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Motor area (frontal)<\/p>\n

–Pyramidal tract<\/p>\n

= Corticospinal tract. Monosynaptic pathway consisting of Upper motor neurons and Lower motor neurons for finely skilled movement.<\/em><\/p>\n

–Extrapyramidal tract<\/p>\n

Descending Polysynaptic tracts from subcortical areas<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Premotor area (frontal)<\/p>\n

Learned motor responses<\/em><\/p>\n

c. Motor speech area (frontal)<\/p>\n

“Broca’s” area<\/em><\/p>\n

d. General sensory area (parietal)<\/p>\n

[temp. pain, pressure, itch]\n

e. Taste area (parietal)<\/p>\n

f. Visual area (occipital)<\/p>\n

g. Olfactory area (temporal)<\/p>\n

h. Auditory area (temporal)<\/p>\n

[words into coherent thoughts]\n

i. Association area (all lobes)<\/p>\n

[IQ, foresight, judgement, process sensory info. to formulate appropriate motor response]\n

8. Basal Nuclei<\/p>\n

Controls skeletal muscles, inhibits some muscles to allow precise control of movements.<\/em><\/p>\n

9. Limbic System<\/p>\n

[Emotional aspects of behavior related to survival]\u00a0Cerebrum and Diencephalon<\/em><\/p>\n

a. Hippocampus – Temporal lobe of cerebrum; organizes experiences so that they can be stored as long term memory in other locations<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Amygdala – Temporal lobe of cerebrum; mediates emotional responses based on senses – especially smell.<\/em><\/p>\n

10. Cerebral Hemisphere lateralization<\/p>\n

a. Left Hemisphere<\/p>\n

-Right hand<\/p>\n

-Math, science, analytical, sequencing<\/p>\n

-Speech, language<\/p>\n

b. Right Hemisphere<\/p>\n

-Left hand<\/p>\n

-Artistic, imagination, mental imaging, visual patterns<\/p>\n

-Emotion<\/p>\n

F. Cerebellum<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Location, 4th ventricle<\/p>\n

2. Transverse fissure<\/p>\n

3. Function<\/p>\n

G.\u00a0Cranial Nerves<\/a><\/p>\n

H. Sensory pathways<\/p>\n

I. Motor pathways<\/p>\n

1. Pyramidal = Corticospinal Pathways<\/p>\n

-U.M.N. monosynaptic<\/p>\n

-L.M.N.<\/p>\n

2. Extrapyramidal pathways polysynaptic {posture, balance}<\/p>\n

J. Integrative functions<\/p>\n

1. Memory<\/p>\n

a. Reverberating Circuit<\/p>\n

b. Electrical changes<\/p>\n

c. Anatomy\/biochemical change, synapses<\/p>\n

-Increased dendrites<\/p>\n

-Increased post synaptic receptors<\/p>\n

-Increased neurotransmitter<\/p>\n

-DNA, RNA<\/p>\n

-Facilitate neuronal circuits<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V. BRAIN & CRANIAL NERVES The brain weighs about 2% of your body weight and yet uses about 18% of your body’s energy and consists of billions of neurons. A. Meninges Same three layers as spinal cord. B. Cerebrospinal Fluid … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":270,"featured_media":0,"parent":42,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-139","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/139","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/270"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=139"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/139\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/42"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=139"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}