{"id":212,"date":"2015-08-08T17:22:10","date_gmt":"2015-08-08T17:22:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/?page_id=212"},"modified":"2025-09-29T17:22:33","modified_gmt":"2025-09-29T17:22:33","slug":"outline-2-bio-2320-heart","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/biology-courses\/human-anatomy-and-physiology-ii-homepage-bio-2320\/outline-2-bio-2320-heart\/","title":{"rendered":"Outline-2, BIO 2320, Heart"},"content":{"rendered":"

I. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM,\u00a0<\/strong>HEART<\/strong><\/p>\n

A. Location (mediastinum)<\/p>\n

B. Pericardial sac, fluid, cavity (Parietal pericardium)<\/p>\n

C. Heart wall<\/p>\n

1. Epicardium (visceral pericardium)<\/p>\n

2. Myocardium<\/p>\n

– Trabeculae carneae –\u00a0Irregular ridges of myocardium adding strength without weight<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Endocardium<\/p>\n

D. Chambers<\/p>\n

1.\u00a0Atria<\/strong>, Auricles, Interatrial septum<\/p>\n

Upper chambers with “ear-like” auricles<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Ventricles<\/strong>, Interventricular septum<\/p>\n

Lower chambers<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Coronary sulcus<\/p>\n

External groove separating atrium from ventricle and contain coronary blood vessels<\/em><\/p>\n

E. Valves<\/p>\n

1.\u00a0Atrioventricular (tricuspid, bicuspid or mitral)<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Chordae tendineae<\/p>\n

Heart strings anchoring AV valves to papillary muscles<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Papillary muscles<\/p>\n

Muscle columns in ventricles<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Semilunar valves<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Pulmonary<\/p>\n

b. Aortic<\/p>\n

F. Associated vessels<\/p>\n

1.\u00a0Superior vena cava<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Drains superior body into RA, deoxygenated blood<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Inferior vena cava<\/strong><\/p>\n

Drains inferior body into RA, deoxygenated blood<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Pulmonary trunk and arteries<\/strong><\/p>\n

RV to lungs, deoxygenated blood<\/em><\/p>\n

4. Pulmonary veins<\/strong><\/p>\n

Lungs to LA, oxygenated blood<\/em><\/p>\n

5. Aorta<\/strong><\/p>\n

LV to systemic circuit, oxygenated blood<\/em><\/p>\n

G. Coronary circulation<\/p>\n

Provides nutrients to myocardium; aorta; coronary arteries serving the four chambers; deoxygenated blood is collected by cardiac veins which empty into large coronary sinus (vein), which empties into the RA<\/em><\/p>\n

H. Cardiac muscle<\/p>\n

1. Myocardium<\/p>\n

2. Differences from skeletal muscle<\/p>\n

a. Automated excitement<\/p>\n

b. No graded responses<\/p>\n

c. No tetany<\/p>\n

d. No anaerobic metabolism<\/p>\n

3. Striated, involuntary<\/p>\n

4. Intercalated discs<\/strong>, Stimulus passed btwn cells<\/p>\n

5. Refractory period prevents tetany<\/p>\n

6. Energy<\/p>\n

a. ATP; Aerobic metabolism<\/p>\n

b. Coronary circulation<\/p>\n

7. Excitation<\/p>\n

a. Depolarization to threshold<\/p>\n

Spontaneous, likely due to gradual decrease in membrane permeability to potassium ions causing a decreased outflow of potassium ions<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Sinoatrial node<\/strong><\/p>\n

Specialized cardiac muscle cells in wall of right atrium<\/em><\/p>\n

1. At rest, depolarizes every .8 sec; 60-80 x\/min<\/p>\n

2. Change in permeability [potassium ions]\n

3. Pacemaker<\/p>\n

8. Conduction from SA Node:<\/p>\n

a. AV node (.1 sec delay)<\/p>\n

b. AV Bundle (Bundle of His)<\/p>\n

c. Purkinje = Conduction fibers<\/p>\n

d. Myocardial cells of ventricle<\/p>\n

9. Cardiac cycle<\/p>\n

a. Systole<\/strong>(RV=30mmHg; LV=120mmHg)<\/p>\n

Contraction phase of cardiac cycle<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Diastole<\/strong><\/p>\n

Heart chambers relax and refill with blood<\/em><\/p>\n

c. Time<\/p>\n

1. Entire cycle .8 sec<\/p>\n

2. Atrial systole .1 sec; diastole .7 sec<\/p>\n

3. Ventricular systole .3 sec; diastole .5<\/p>\n

4. Pressure curves(refer to your book)<\/em><\/p>\n

a. Atrial (Left)<\/p>\n

b. Ventricular (Left)<\/p>\n

c. Aortic<\/p>\n

5. Heart sounds<\/p>\n

a. S1<\/strong>= AV valves closures<\/p>\n

b. S2<\/strong>= Semilunar valves closures<\/p>\n

10. Cardiac Output<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. CO = HR x SV\u00a0<\/strong>(5-6 liters\/min=70 b\/min x 80 ml\/bt)<\/p>\n

Volume of blood pumped by either ventricle per minute<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Cardiac reserve<\/strong>[Increase CO 600-700%]\n

Difference between maximum CO and resting CO<\/em><\/p>\n

c. Heart rate\u00a0<\/strong>control<\/p>\n

1. Sympathetic stimulation<\/p>\n

Increases heart rate<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Parasympathetic stimulation<\/p>\n

Decreases heart rate<\/em><\/p>\n

d. Stroke volume<\/strong><\/p>\n

Volume pumped from ventricle per beat<\/em><\/p>\n

SV= end diastolic volume – end systolic volume<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

1. End-diastolic volume<\/p>\n

– Length of diastole<\/p>\n

– Venous return<\/p>\n

2. \u00a0End-systolic volume<\/p>\n

– Frank- Starling Law<\/p>\n

Stretch wall of ventricle leads to increased force of contraction<\/em><\/p>\n

– Sympathetic N.S.<\/p>\n

Decreases end systolic volume<\/em><\/p>\n

– Parasympathetic N.S.<\/p>\n

Increases end systolic volume<\/em><\/p>\n

11. Factors influencing cardiac function<\/p>\n

a. Cardiac center<\/p>\n

Brain stem<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Exercise<\/p>\n

Chronic exercises enlarges cardiac muscle and thus increases stroke volume; can have good CO with lower HR due to increased SV<\/em><\/p>\n

c. Temperature<\/p>\n

Heat increases SA node discharge<\/em><\/p>\n

d. Ions (K, Ca, Na)<\/p>\n

e. Sex, age<\/p>\n

HR faster in females, youngsters<\/em><\/p>\n

12. Electrocardiography\/Electrocardiogram (ECG,EKG)<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Leads<\/p>\n

Placement of electrodes on body for ECG<\/em><\/p>\n

b. P wave<\/strong>– atrial depolarization<\/p>\n

c. QRS<\/strong>– ventricular depolarization<\/p>\n

d. T<\/strong>– Ventricular repolarizationInfo. derived: HR, Blocks, Orientation…<\/p>\n

13. Heart disease – If time but not on exam.<\/p>\n

Blood Flow Through the Heart<\/a><\/p>\n

Location and Protective Layers of the Heart Video<\/a><\/p>\n

Conduction Pathway of the Heart Video<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

I. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM,\u00a0HEART A. Location (mediastinum) B. Pericardial sac, fluid, cavity (Parietal pericardium) C. Heart wall 1. Epicardium (visceral pericardium) 2. Myocardium – Trabeculae carneae –\u00a0Irregular ridges of myocardium adding strength without weight 3. Endocardium D. Chambers 1.\u00a0Atria, Auricles, Interatrial … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":270,"featured_media":0,"parent":209,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-212","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/212","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/270"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=212"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/212\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/209"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=212"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}