{"id":3252,"date":"2026-03-10T15:55:58","date_gmt":"2026-03-10T15:55:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/?page_id=3252"},"modified":"2026-03-10T15:55:58","modified_gmt":"2026-03-10T15:55:58","slug":"lab-objectives-bio-2320-summer-2026","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/biology-courses\/human-anatomy-and-physiology-ii-homepage-bio-2320\/lab-objectives-bio-2320-summer-2026\/","title":{"rendered":"Lab Objectives BIO 2320 Summer 2026"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Laboratory Objectives Summer 2026 Tuesday or Thursday at 12:30 on Campus Room Science 2089<\/strong><\/p>\n

Instructor: Dr. Clare Hays, SI 2032; 303-615-0777, e-mail \u2013\u00a0haysc@msudenver.edu, URL http:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc<\/p>\n

REQUIRED Books and Supplies<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Your textbook is for lecture, but doesn\u2019t need to come to school with you: Seeley\u2019s Anatomy & Physiology, Evergreen Ed.<\/strong><\/em>,\u00a0<\/strong>by Van Putte, Regan, Russo;\u00a0\"\"<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    2. Your\u00a0 lab manual needs to come to lab with you:\u00a0<\/strong>Human Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual, Cat Version, 13th Ed.,\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>Elaine N. Marieb.\u00a0Pearson+ eText of Marieb, Human A+P Lab Manual w\/ Cat Dissections, 13e<\/a><\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

    3. Dissecting Tools. Available in bookstore; includes a scalpel with\u00a0 replaceable blades, a blunt probe, and small scissors;<\/p>\n

    4.\u00a0Familiarize yourself with the safety rules for lab and dissection protocols.<\/a><\/p>\n

    OPTIONAL or RECOMMENDED Supplies and Resources<\/strong><\/p>\n

    1. Not required, but strongly\u00a0recommended<\/strong>, is a lab coat or an old shirt to protect \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 your clothing. Respirators with filters and eye goggles are available upon request.<\/p>\n

    2. Upon completion of lab exercises, you may review the material and do the review sheets from your lab manual, as there are no open lab hours.\u00a0 The review sheets are helpful but are not turned in.<\/p>\n

    3. Your lab manual has some excellent resources for both lecture and lab.\u00a0 They are found at masteringaandp.com, but an access code is needed.\u00a0 These resources and the access code are described at the beginning of your lab manual.\u00a0 You will need to complete a registration process to use this site by clicking you are a student. Then, click Register for Self-Study Access Only and \u201cMastering is not required for my course.\u201d\u00a0 Enter your access code and click on your book.\u00a0 Go to the Study Area, especially note the PAL section on anatomy.<\/p>\n

    4. Histology Reference:\u00a0BIO 2320 Histology Resource<\/a><\/p>\n

    Lab Attendance:<\/strong>\u00a0Attending lab is essential to success in the class, as it provides visual and tactile input to the structures you need to know as well as relationships of one structure to another.\u00a0 You may earn points for attending 1 lab per week throughout the semester as follows, provided that you are not more than 20 minutes late to any given lab:<\/p>\n

    Attending fewer than 2 labs: 0 points<\/p>\n

    Attending 2 labs: 5 points<\/p>\n

    Attending 3 labs: 10 points<\/p>\n

    Attending 4 labs: 15 points<\/p>\n

    Attending 5 labs: 20 points<\/p>\n

    Attending all 6 in-person labs: 25 points<\/p>\n

    JUNE 9,11 \u2013 LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY AND ENDOCRINE ANATOMY<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/strong>LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY:<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Exercise 1: Glance at Figure 1.2 to understand anatomic terminology of the quadruped (dog or cat).\u00a0 \u00a0Use your own body and the human torso models to refresh on the basic organization of the body.\u00a0 Know the following terms:<\/p>\n

    Anatomical Position (both human and quadruped), Superior, Inferior, Cranial, Caudal, Medial, Lateral, Superficial, Deep, Ventral, Anterior, Dorsal, Posterior, Proximal, Distal, Sagittal plane, Transverse plane, Frontal plane, \u00a0Thoracic cavity, Abdominal cavity, Pelvic cavity.<\/p>\n

    ENDOCRINE ANATOMY:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

    Exercise 27:\u00a0 Figure 27.1 in the Marieb lab manual has human endocrine pictures and microscopic anatomy.<\/p>\n

    Exercise 3 Cat Dissection in back of lab manual:\u00a0 Obtain a cat and open the ventral body cavity by cutting through linea alba on the abdomen and then using scissors to cut through the ribcage on the ventral side of the cat, but slightly off center as described in your lab manual.\u00a0 Be careful not to remove the gonads and do not cut through blood vessels containing colored latex, without first checking with your instructor.\u00a0 Additionally, a fatty greater omentum covers all of the abdominal visceral.\u00a0 You may peel it out of your way, but do not remove it.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \u00a0Observe the following endocrine glands of the cat: Thyroid, Thymus, Pancreas, Adrenal, Ovary, Testis.<\/li>\n
    2. \u00a0Observe the pituitary gland and pineal gland (=body) on the preserved sheep brain.\u00a0 See Figures 27.1 and 27.2.\u00a0Sheep pineal picture in transverse fissure.<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0Sheep pineal picture from sagittal view.<\/a><\/li>\n
    3. \u00a0Put your cat away as described by your instructor.\u00a0 Clean your working area thoroughly.<\/li>\n
    4. \u00a0Observe the microscopic anatomy on the Thyroid gland, Pancreas, Adrenal gland, Ovary, and Testis as described in Exercise 27 \u2013 Activity 2 of lab manual as well as Figures 42.2 and 43.6. Refer to #4 under Recommended Resources listed above for histology tips.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \u00a0<\/strong>JUNE 16,18 \u2013 BLOOD and HEART<\/strong><\/p>\n

      BLOOD:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Exercise 29: Complete the following activities using sheep blood or fake blood.<\/p>\n

      Activity 1: Observe the color and clarity of plasma after you conduct the hematocrit test (to be done later in this lab).<\/p>\n

      Activity 2: Observe one of each formed elements on a prepared human blood sample slide.\u00a0 You must be able to identify erythrocytes, thrombocytes, and each of the granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and each of the agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes).\u00a0 \u00a0Note:\u00a0 All granulocytes and agranulocytes are types of leukocytes. (Practice your blood cell identification with the pictures in your Week Two Lab Module in Canvas.<\/em>)<\/p>\n

      Activity 4: Conduct a Hematocrit using the microhematocrit reader card. Then, observe the color and clarity of plasma from Activity 1.\u00a0 See if you can spot the layer of leukocytes found in the buffy coat between the plasma and the red blood cells.<\/p>\n

      Activity 5: \u00a0Determine the approximate hemoglobin concentration of the blood sample using the Tallquist method.<\/p>\n

      Activity 7: \u00a0Obtain an unknown blood sample and conduct the blood typing experiment to determine its ABO and Rh factor.<\/p>\n

      ANATOMY OF THE HEART:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Exercise 30:\u00a0 Use Figures 30.2, 30.3, 30.4, 30.7, 30.8 for your heart anatomy.<\/p>\n

      Observe the sheep heart which has been cut in a frontal section. You are responsible for the following structures:<\/p>\n

      Visceral pericardium (epicardium), myocardium, endocardium, coronary blood vessels, left and right atria, left and right ventricles, auricles, pulmonary trunk, aorta, aortic semilunar valve, pulmonary veins, superior and inferior vena cavae, right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid), pulmonary semilunar valve, interventricular septum, papillary muscles, chordae tendineae, and left atrioventricular valve (bicuspid).<\/p>\n

      Mediastinum, pericardial sac, and pericardial cavity are best observed on your cat. Follow instructions from your instructor.<\/p>\n

      Observe the microscopic anatomy of cardiac muscle as described in Exercise 30 \u2013 Activity 4 and Figure 30.6.<\/p>\n

      Here is a good heart overview video made by Sophie, a previous TA.<\/a><\/p>\n

      JUNE 23, 25 \u2013 BLOOD VESSELS<\/strong><\/p>\n

      Exercise 4 Cat Dissection: a) Dissect your cat as described in Dissection Exercise 4 in back of lab manual. You are responsible for the following blood vessels:<\/p>\n

      Vessels Cranial to Diaphragm<\/strong>:\u00a0 Aorta, Coronary arteries, superior vena cava (precava), inferior vena cava (postcava), pulmonary trunk (arteries), pulmonary veins.<\/p>\n

      Azygos vein.<\/p>\n

      Brachiocephalic veins, external jugular veins, subclavian veins, axillary veins, brachial veins, cephalic veins.<\/p>\n

      Brachiocephalic artery, left subclavian artery, right subclavian artery, common carotid arteries, external carotid arteries, vertebral arteries, axillary arteries,\u00a0 brachial arteries. (note: \u00a0both common carotids come off of the brachiocephalic artery in cats, but in humans, the left common carotid actually comes off of the aortic arch<\/em>)<\/p>\n

      Vessels Caudal to Diaphragm<\/strong>: \u00a0Hepatic veins, adrenolumbar veins (=suprarenal veins), renal veins, testicular or ovarian veins, iliolumbar veins, common iliac veins, internal iliac veins, external iliac veins, femoral vein, great saphenous vein, popliteal vein.<\/p>\n

      Hepatic portal vein, gastrosplenic vein, superior mesenteric vein, inferior mesenteric vein. (These vessels are prepared with yellow dye.)<\/em><\/p>\n

      Aorta, celiac trunk, left gastric artery, hepatic artery, splenic artery, superior mesenteric artery, adrenolumbar arteries (=suprarenal arteries), renal arteries, testicular or ovarian arteries, inferior mesenteric artery, iliolumbar arteries, external iliac arteries (note: \u00a0cats do not have a common iliac artery as humans do<\/em>), internal iliac arteries, femoral artery,\u00a0 popliteal artery.<\/p>\n

      This video shows human and cat vessels.<\/a><\/p>\n

      JUNE 29 through JULY 5 \u2013 EXAM 1<\/strong><\/p>\n

      (50 questions, 100 points)<\/strong><\/p>\n

      LAB EXAM ONE\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0You do not come to lab this week, as the exam is on Canvas. The online lab test is primarily fill in the blank questions randomly selected from a test bank and spelling must be\u00a0exact<\/strong>.\u00a0 It may be found on MSU Denver\u00a0Canvas<\/strong>. It opens June 29 at 12 am and closes at 11:59 pm on Sunday July 5.\u00a0 The online tests have 50 questions at 2 points each, 60 minutes.\u00a0 The exam will only test you on material from these laboratory objectives (Anatomy Language, Endocrine, Blood, Heart and Blood Vessels).\u00a0 I do put my eyes on everyone\u2019s completed exams to double check the computer grading.\u00a0 Read Exam Directions:<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. \u00a0All answers for fill-in-the-blank questions are in\u00a0lower case<\/strong>\u00a0letters and must be\u00a0spelled correctly<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
      2. You never have to indicate right or left unless it is a heart chamber.<\/li>\n
      3. You\u00a0will<\/strong>\u00a0need to specify artery or vein unless that word is given in the question.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Any lab exam not taken by 11:59 pm on Sunday July 5 will have a 10% deduction per day late.<\/p>\n

        JULY 7, 9 \u2013 CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY (Both Exercises 31 and 33)<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Exercise 31: Understand what is recorded with an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) and where leads are placed for a Lead II EKG.\u00a0 On the Lead II EKG, identify the P wave, QRS complex, and the T wave.\u00a0 Understand what events are taking place during these 3 recognizable waves.\u00a0 Observe abnormal EKGs and the important information that can be gleaned on heart pathology from these.\u00a0 However, you will only be tested on normal EKGs.<\/p>\n

        INTERPRETATION OF ELECTROCARDIOGRAM: The P wave represents atrial depolarization and the QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization. The T wave represents ventricular repolarization. Atrial repolarization is not visible, as it occurs during the dominant QRS complex.<\/p>\n

        Exercise 33: Complete the following activities for heart sounds, blood pressure and pulse determinations.<\/p>\n

        Activity 1: Complete Auscultating Heart Sounds.<\/p>\n

        Activity 2:\u00a0 Palpate Superficial Pulse Points.<\/p>\n

        Activity 4:\u00a0 Taking an Apical Pulse.<\/p>\n

        Activity 5: Use a sphygmomanometer to measure arterial blood pressure.<\/p>\n

        Activity 6: Estimate your venous pressure, both at rest and while performing the Valsalva maneuver.<\/p>\n

        Activity 7: Observe the effect of posture, exercise and ice water on blood pressure and heart rate.<\/p>\n

        Activity 8: Observe the effect of local chemical and physical factors on skin color.<\/p>\n

        JULY 14, 16 \u2013 ANATOMY OF RESPIRATORY, DIGESTIVE, URINARY and REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/strong>RESPIRATORY ANATOMY:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

        Exercise 36: Examine a microscopic section of lung tissue as described on p. 538. Refer to #4 under Recommended Resources listed above for histology tips.<\/p>\n

        Exercise 6 Cat Dissection: Dissect your cat as described on Cat Dissection Exercise 6. You are responsible for:<\/p>\n

        External nares, Oral cavity, oropharynx (oral pharynx), trachea, larynx, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, epiglottis, hyoid bone, vagus nerve, primary bronchi, pleural cavities, parietal pleura, visceral pleura, diaphragm, phrenic nerve, and lungs.<\/p>\n

        DIGESTIVE ANATOMY:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

        Exercise 38: Observe microscopic sections of the stomach, small intestine, pancreas, liver, colon and taste buds. See Figures 38.6, 38.9, 38.16, 26.3, 27.3c. Refer to #4 under Recommended Resources listed above for histology tips.<\/p>\n

        Exercise 7 Cat Dissection: Dissect your cat as described on Dissection Exercise 7. You are responsible for:<\/p>\n

        Parotid salivary gland, teeth, hard palate, soft palate, tongue papillae, frenulum of tongue, esophagus, parietal peritoneum, liver, greater omentum, gall bladder, stomach [cardia, fundus, body, pylorus], greater and lesser curvature of stomach, lesser omentum, pancreas, spleen, common bile duct, small intestine [duodenum, jejunum, ileum], mesentery proper, cecum, colon [ascending, transverse, descending], rectum, anus, and visceral peritoneum.<\/p>\n

        URINARY and REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

        URINARY ANATOMY:<\/strong><\/p>\n

        a) Exercise 40: Observe the following structures on a cat kidney: Renal capsule, cortex, medulla, medullary pyramids, and renal pelvis.<\/p>\n

        b) Dissect your cat as described on Cat Dissection Exercise 8. You are responsible for: Kidneys, hilus (=hilum), ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra.<\/p>\n

        REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY:<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Exercise 9 Cat Dissection: You are responsible for the anatomy of BOTH male and female cats. Dissect as described on Dissection Exercise 9 and know the following:<\/p>\n

        a) Penis, scrotum, testes, spermatic cord, ductus deferens (=vas deferens), inguinal canal, prostate gland.<\/p>\n

        b) Uterus (uterine body & 2 uterine horns), uterine tube (=fallopian tube=oviduct), ovary, vagina, cervix, and vulva.<\/p>\n

        c) Observe the microscopic anatomy of the ovary and testis.\u00a0 Refer to Figures 42.2 and 43.6. Refer to #4 under Recommended Resources listed above for histology tips.<\/p>\n

        JULY 21, 23\u2013 RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY, URINALYSIS, MOVIE<\/strong><\/p>\n

        RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

        Exercise 37: Complete the following physiology activities.<\/p>\n

        Activity 2: Auscultating Respiratory Sounds using a stethoscope.<\/p>\n

        Activity 3: Measuring Respiratory Volumes using a Non-Recording Wet Spirometer<\/p>\n

        One person from each group should be the subject and complete #1-7 in your lab manual.\u00a0 Measurements should be recorded for the following<\/p>\n