{"id":382,"date":"2015-08-11T00:10:47","date_gmt":"2015-08-11T00:10:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/?page_id=382"},"modified":"2020-03-29T14:01:49","modified_gmt":"2020-03-29T14:01:49","slug":"outline-2-bio-2320-blood-vessels","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/biology-courses\/human-anatomy-and-physiology-ii-homepage-bio-2320\/outline-2-bio-2320-blood-vessels\/","title":{"rendered":"Outline-2, BIO 2320, Blood Vessels"},"content":{"rendered":"

BLOOD VESSELS = VASCULAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

I. Arteries<\/strong><\/p>\n

A. Lumen<\/p>\n

B. Wall<\/p>\n

1. Tunica interna<\/p>\n

2. Tunica media<\/p>\n

3. Tunica externa<\/p>\n

C. Pulse<\/p>\n

II. Arterioles<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tiny arteries, primary resistance blood vessel<\/em><\/p>\n

III. Capillaries<\/strong><\/p>\n

Thin wall, diffusion<\/em><\/p>\n

IV. Venules<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tiny veins<\/em><\/p>\n

V. Veins<\/strong><\/p>\n

A. Low pressures (6-8mmHg)<\/p>\n

B. Valves<\/p>\n

C. Skeletal muscle<\/p>\n

D. Breathing<\/p>\n

VI.Sinuses<\/p>\n

VII. Blood reservoirs<\/p>\n

Veins & sinuses<\/em><\/p>\n

VIII. Blood Velocity<\/p>\n

Inversely related to total cross sectional area of a vessel, thus velocity is lowest in capillaries.<\/em><\/p>\n

IX. Blood Flow<\/p>\n

volume of blood passing through a vessel,<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>F = P\/R<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

X. Pressure<\/p>\n

Pressure is the force that drives blood through vessels due to pumping of heart, so highest in aorta, lowest in vena cava. As arterial pressure increases, arteries expand; as arterial pressure decreases, arteries recoil; you can feel this change in certain areas as a pulse.<\/em><\/p>\n

XI. Resistance<\/p>\n

A. Blood viscosity<\/p>\n

The thicker the blood, the higher the viscosity, the more resistance and thus less flow<\/em><\/p>\n

B. Vessel length<\/p>\n

The longer the vessels, the higher the resistance, but this is a constant in the body<\/em><\/p>\n

C. Vessel radius<\/p>\n

1. Resistance = 1\/radius4<\/sup><\/p>\n

2. Arterioles<\/p>\n

XII. Relationships [F=P\/R; Mean Art. Press = CO x TPR<\/strong>]\n

XIII. Arterial pressure<\/p>\n

A. Neural controls<\/p>\n

1. Vasomotor fibers<\/p>\n

a. Sympathetic efferents<\/p>\n

b. Vasodilator<\/p>\n

c. Vasoconstrictor<\/p>\n

2. Vasomotor center<\/p>\n

In brainstem<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Cardiac center<\/p>\n

Cardiac changes effects pressure<\/em><\/p>\n

4. Baroreceptors<\/p>\n

Pressure receptors in aortic arch and carotid sinus that monitor stretch of artery<\/em><\/p>\n

5. Aortic & Carotid bodies<\/p>\n

Chemoreceptors for oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen<\/em><\/p>\n

B. Chemicals\/hormones<\/p>\n

1. Angiotensin<\/p>\n

Powerful vasoconstrictor<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Epinephrine<\/p>\n

3. ADH (Vasopressin)<\/p>\n

Stimulates water reabsorption from kidneys and vasoconstriction<\/em><\/p>\n

C. Blood volume<\/p>\n

Increased blood volume leads to increased arterial pressure; body strives towards volume homeostasis<\/em><\/p>\n

D. Measurement of arterial pressure {120\/80}<\/p>\n

Systolic pressure<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0<\/em>represents contraction of ventricles and is the first sound heard as pressure is released from sphygmomanometer -120mmHg<\/em><\/p>\n

Diastolic pressure<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>represents the arterial pressure when the ventricles are relaxing and is the last sound heard as pressure is released from sphygmomanometer – 80 mmHg<\/em><\/p>\n

XIV. Venous Return<\/p>\n

A. Low pressures<\/p>\n

B. Peripheral venous pressure<\/p>\n

C. Skeletal muscle contraction helps in venous return<\/p>\n

D. One way valves help with venous return<\/p>\n

E. Breathing works as a thoracoabdominal pump to promote venous return<\/p>\n

XV. Gravity<\/p>\n

A. Increased pressure in lower body<\/p>\n

B. Increased capillary filtration which decreases circulating blood volume<\/p>\n

C. Compensatory mechanisms<\/p>\n

1. Baroreceptors<\/p>\n

1. Skeletal muscle [90-25 mm Hg drop just by walking ]\n

XVI. CV adjustments during exercise<\/p>\n

A. Skeletal muscle vasodilation<\/p>\n

1. CNS sympathetic vasodilator fibers<\/p>\n

2. Local autoregulatory response<\/p>\n

a. Decreased O2 level<\/p>\n

b. Increased local vasodilator substances<\/p>\n

3. Decreased TPR<\/p>\n

B. Visceral vasoconstriction<\/p>\n

C. Increased sympathetic stimulation to heart<\/p>\n

D. Increased venous return<\/p>\n

E. HR, SV, CO increase<\/p>\n

F. Mean arterial pressure increases<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

XVII. HYPERTENSION – If time {140\/90}Not on test<\/p>\n

A. Causes<\/p>\n

1. Adrenal tumor<\/p>\n

2. Kidney disease<\/p>\n

3. Volume loading<\/p>\n

4. 90% unknown<\/p>\n

B. Sequelae<\/p>\n

1. Heart, angina, enlarged heart<\/p>\n

2. Aneurysm<\/p>\n

3. Sclerosis<\/p>\n

4. Rupture<\/p>\n

5. Kidney disease<\/p>\n

C. Treatment<\/p>\n

a. Lose weight, exercise<\/p>\n

b. Decrease salt, diuretics<\/p>\n

c. Stop smoking, alcohol, caffeine<\/p>\n

d. Biofeedback<\/p>\n

e. Vasodilators (isoproteronol)<\/p>\n

XVIII. CIRCULATORY ROUTES (Refer to\u00a0Blood Vessel Objectives<\/a>\u00a0for illustrations of circulatory routes.)<\/p>\n

A. Pulmonary circuit<\/p>\n

B. Systemic circuit<\/p>\n

C. Fetal circulation<\/p>\n

1. Placenta<\/p>\n

2. Umbilical cord<\/p>\n

Neural Control of Blood Pressure Video<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

BLOOD VESSELS = VASCULAR I. Arteries A. Lumen B. Wall 1. Tunica interna 2. Tunica media 3. Tunica externa C. Pulse II. Arterioles Tiny arteries, primary resistance blood vessel III. Capillaries Thin wall, diffusion IV. Venules Tiny veins V. Veins … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":270,"featured_media":0,"parent":209,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-382","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/382","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/270"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=382"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/382\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/209"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=382"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}