{"id":399,"date":"2015-08-11T21:10:10","date_gmt":"2015-08-11T21:10:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/?page_id=399"},"modified":"2020-03-29T13:55:29","modified_gmt":"2020-03-29T13:55:29","slug":"outline-1-bio-2320-blood","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/biology-courses\/human-anatomy-and-physiology-ii-homepage-bio-2320\/outline-1-bio-2320-blood\/","title":{"rendered":"Outline-1, BIO 2320, Blood"},"content":{"rendered":"

IV. \u00a0Circulatory System<\/strong><\/p>\n

A. Blood, vessels, heart<\/p>\n

B. General functions<\/p>\n

C. Amount of blood (5-6 liters males; 4-5 l females)8% body weight<\/em><\/p>\n

D. Formed elements\u00a0<\/strong>45% of blood<\/em><\/p>\n

1. Erythrocytes<\/strong>(4-5 million\/mm3)\u00a0one drop of blood has about 250 million blood cells<\/em><\/p>\n

a. Hemoglobin<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Iron<\/p>\n

2. Function-Carries 4 oxygen molecules per hemoglobin, 250 million hemoglobins\/RBC, 1 billion oxygens\/RBC!!<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Color– Bright red when oxygenated, dull red-blue when deoxygenated<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Production in red bone marrow (2 million\/sec)– Over 1000 lbs in a lifetime!!<\/em><\/p>\n

1. Hemopoiesis\/erythropoiesis<\/strong><\/p>\n

Blood production\/RBC production. Occurs in bone marrow, takes about a week.<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Life span<\/p>\n

120 days, then destroyed and iron recycled from liver & spleen<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Erythropoietin<\/strong><\/p>\n

A hormone that stimulates erythropoiesis. Can increase erythropoiesis up to 20 million\/second!!<\/em><\/p>\n

a. Kidneys are source of EP<\/p>\n

b. Genetic engineered<\/p>\n

c. Stays in vessels<\/p>\n

d. ABO System<\/p>\n

1. Antigen<\/p>\n

2. Antibody<\/p>\n

3. A, B, AB, O blood types<\/p>\n

e. Rh Factor & Erythroblastosis fetalis when Rh negative mother is carrying an Rh positive fetus<\/p>\n

2. Leukocytes<\/strong>(5000-9000\/mm3<\/sup>)<\/p>\n

a. Granulocytes, Agranulocytes<\/p>\n

-Granulocytes include:<\/p>\n

1-Neutrophils – Most common WBC, pale granules and segmented nucleus, function in phagocytosis<\/p>\n

2-Eosinophils – Not very common WBC, red granules and segmented nucleus, help in phagocytosis and excellent in fighting parasites<\/p>\n

3-Basophil – Rarest of all WBC, dark purple granules, segmented nucleus, contain histamine that promotes inflammation and heparin that inhibits clotting of blood<\/p>\n

-Agranulocytes include:<\/p>\n

1-Lymphocytes – Second most common WBC, large round nucleus, Function in immunity with T lymphocytes developing in the thymus and B lymphocytes developing in bone marrow. Immunity allows a large and quick response to disease-causing invader.<\/p>\n

2-Monocytes – Third most common WBC, bean shaped nucleus, foamy cytoplasm and large cells. These exit the bloodstream in chronic infections and become excellent phagocytes called macrophages.<\/p>\n

b. Life span & Formation<\/p>\n

c. Function<\/p>\n

1. Phagocytosis; Migration out of bloodstream<\/p>\n

-Lytic enzymes are abundant in phagocytic WBCs<\/p>\n

-Macrophages –\u00a0large actively phagocytic monocytes<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Antibodies<\/p>\n

-Plasma cells\u00a0Differentiated B lymphocytes make antibodies<\/em><\/p>\n

-Vaccination<\/p>\n

Based on memory response allowing a bigger and quicker response to antigen<\/em><\/p>\n

3. T cells<\/p>\n

Lymphocytes from Thymus<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Thrombocytes (platelets)<\/strong>100,000-300,000\/mm3<\/sup><\/p>\n

a. Life span & Production (stays in vessels)<\/p>\n

200 billion\/day in bone marrow<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Hemostasis– Arresting bleeding<\/em><\/p>\n

c. Vascular constriction– Spasms of smooth muscle in wall of blood vessels is first step in hemostasis.<\/em><\/p>\n

d. Platelet Plug (chemicals such as\u00a0<\/em>ADP promote the formation of the plug)This step is inhibited by aspirin.<\/em><\/p>\n

e. Coagulation– Conversion to a fibrin clot<\/em><\/p>\n

1. Clotting factor<\/p>\n

2. Fibrinogen\/Fibrin<\/p>\n

3. Prothrombin\/Thrombin<\/p>\n

4. Liver makes clotting factors<\/p>\n

5. Vitamin K necessary for synthesis of some clotting factors such as prothrombin<\/p>\n

6. Extrinsic mechanism [15-20 sec]\n

7. Intrinsic mechanism [1-2 min]\n

-Hemophilia\u00a0– Most common form is lack of factor VIII<\/em><\/p>\n

f. Clotting retraction<\/p>\n

30 to 60 minutes later, clot pulls together and serum is squeezed out. Serum is plasma minus the clotting factors.<\/em><\/p>\n

g. Clot control<\/p>\n

Heparin is an anticoagulant released by mast cells, basophils, endothelium is very smooth which inhibits platelet adherence.<\/em><\/p>\n

h. Clot dissolution=Fibrinolysis –Plasmin\u00a0<\/strong>promotes fibrinolysis<\/p>\n

(Genetically engineered)<\/p>\n

i. Intravascular clotting<\/p>\n

1. Thrombus<\/strong><\/p>\n

Intravascular clot e.g. in the coronary artery leading to a myocardial infarction<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Embolism (embolus)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Thrombus floating in the blood stream, could lodge in the brain – stroke<\/em><\/p>\n

E. Plasma<\/strong>(55%)<\/p>\n

1. Water (91 1\/2%)<\/p>\n

2. Proteins<\/p>\n

a. Albumin<\/p>\n

Maintains blood osmotic pressure<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Globulin<\/p>\n

Principle antibody fraction<\/em><\/p>\n

c. Fibrinogen<\/p>\n

Inactive clotting factor<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Interstitial fluid<\/p>\n

Fluid bathing tissues, very similar to plasma in content.<\/em><\/p>\n

ABO Blood Type Video<\/a><\/p>\n

Erythropoiesis Video<\/a><\/p>\n

Coagulation Part 1 Video<\/a><\/p>\n

Coagulation Part 2 Video<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

IV. \u00a0Circulatory System A. Blood, vessels, heart B. General functions C. Amount of blood (5-6 liters males; 4-5 l females)8% body weight D. Formed elements\u00a045% of blood 1. Erythrocytes(4-5 million\/mm3)\u00a0one drop of blood has about 250 million blood cells a. … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":270,"featured_media":0,"parent":209,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-399","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/399","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/270"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=399"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/399\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/209"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=399"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}