{"id":412,"date":"2015-08-11T21:54:34","date_gmt":"2015-08-11T21:54:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/?page_id=412"},"modified":"2020-03-29T21:46:39","modified_gmt":"2020-03-29T21:46:39","slug":"outline-3-bio-2320-digestive-system-through-stomach","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/biology-courses\/human-anatomy-and-physiology-ii-homepage-bio-2320\/outline-3-bio-2320-digestive-system-through-stomach\/","title":{"rendered":"Outline-3, BIO 2320, Digestive System (through stomach)"},"content":{"rendered":"

II. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM<\/strong><\/p>\n

A. Overall digestive process<\/p>\n

1. Ingestion– Eating<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Movement<\/p>\n

3. Digestion (mechanical & chemical)<\/p>\n

4. Absorption<\/p>\n

Digested food moves from GI tract to blood\/lymph vessels<\/em><\/p>\n

5. Elimination – defecation<\/p>\n

Eliminate waste<\/em><\/p>\n

B. Organization<\/p>\n

1. Digestive tract, canal, G.I., Alimentary<\/p>\n

Continuous tube, about 30 feet from mouth to anus<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Accessory structures<\/p>\n

Aid in digestion, but outside of GI tract<\/em><\/p>\n

C. Microstructure<\/p>\n

1. Mucosa (Villi, microvilli)<\/p>\n

Inner lining, mucous membrane<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Submucosa<\/p>\n

Very vascular<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Muscularis<\/p>\n

Mixes and moves food<\/em><\/p>\n

4. Serosa = Visceral peritoneum<\/p>\n

“Watery” connective tissue<\/em><\/p>\n

D. Peritoneum<\/p>\n

1. Parietal peritoneum<\/p>\n

Lines abdominal wall<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Visceral peritoneum<\/p>\n

Covers organs<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Peritoneal cavity<\/p>\n

4. Folds of peritoneum<\/p>\n

Binds organs together, anchors them to body wall, suspends blood vessels\/lymphatics<\/em><\/p>\n

a. Mesentery proper (S.I.-Dorsal Body Wall)<\/p>\n

b. Mesocolon (mesorectum) (L.I.-Dorsal B.W.)<\/p>\n

c. Falciform ligament (Liver-Ventral B.W.)<\/p>\n

d. Lesser omentum (Lesser curvature stomach<\/p>\n

& duodenum to liver)<\/p>\n

e. Greater omentum (Greater curvature stomach to dorsal B.W.)<\/p>\n

E. Mouth = Oral Cavity<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Lips (Labia)<\/p>\n

– Labial frenulum\u00a0– Midline fold of mucous membrane<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Hard palate<\/p>\n

Maxilla, palatine bones<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Soft palate<\/p>\n

– Uvula<\/p>\n

F. Tongue<\/strong>(Accessory) (glosso-; lingu-)<\/p>\n

1. Tissue<\/p>\n

Skeletal muscle covered by mucous membrane<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Lingual frenulum<\/p>\n

Midline fold of mucous membrane under tongue<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Papillae with Taste Buds<\/p>\n

4. Function –Bolus<\/strong><\/p>\n

helps to shape a rounded mass of food to be swallowed<\/em><\/p>\n

G. Salivary Glands<\/strong>(Accessory)<\/p>\n

1. Parotid<\/p>\n

2. Submandibular<\/p>\n

3. Sublingual<\/p>\n

4. Saliva [1-11\/2 l\/d]\n

a. Composition<\/p>\n

1. Water [99%]\n

2. Mucins<\/p>\n

Forms mucus and lubricates food<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Amylase<\/p>\n

Starch breakdown<\/em><\/p>\n

4. Lysozyme<\/p>\n

Anti-microbial<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Controls of secretion<\/p>\n

1. Nervous control; Medulla, pons<\/p>\n

2. Autonomic Nervous System<\/p>\n

3. Smell, sight, thought, irritation<\/p>\n

Increases secretion<\/em><\/p>\n

4. Dehydration, Fear<\/p>\n

Decreases secretion<\/em><\/p>\n

H. Teeth<\/strong>(Accessory)<\/p>\n

1. Gingivae– Gums<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Crown, Root, Neck<\/p>\n

Above, below, at gum line<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Structure of typical tooth<\/p>\n

a. Periodontal ligament (Collagen)-Alveolar process<\/p>\n

Anchors tooth root to socket<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Dentin<\/p>\n

Bone-like substance comprising bulk of tooth<\/em><\/p>\n

c. Pulp \/ Pulp cavity<\/p>\n

Blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics in cavity within dentin<\/em><\/p>\n

d. Root canal<\/p>\n

Extension of pulp cavity through tooth root<\/em><\/p>\n

e. Apical foramen<\/p>\n

At end of root canal for blood vessels\/nerves to enter and exit<\/em><\/p>\n

f. Enamel<\/p>\n

Covers dentin on crown, hardest substance in body, calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate<\/em><\/p>\n

g. Cementum<\/p>\n

Bone-like material covering dentin on root of tooth<\/em><\/p>\n

4. Deciduous [20] vs Permanent [32] teeth<\/p>\n

FYI, Not on exam. \u00a0Dentists count teeth starting with number 1 the farthest back on right upper jaw (wisdom tooth) across to upper left, then down to lower left, tooth 17, across to lower right, tooth 32.<\/em><\/p>\n

5. Types according to shape & function<\/p>\n

a. Incisor [2\/2]\n

Chisel-shaped for cutting food<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Canine [1\/1]\n

Pointed for tearing food<\/em><\/p>\n

c. Premolar [2\/2]\n

Crushing and grinding surface<\/em><\/p>\n

d. Molar [3\/3]\n

Crushing and grinding surface<\/em><\/p>\n

6. Dental terminology<\/p>\n

a. Labial<\/p>\n

Towards lips<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Buccal<\/p>\n

Towards cheeks<\/em><\/p>\n

c. Lingual<\/p>\n

Towards tongue<\/em><\/p>\n

d. Palatal<\/p>\n

Towards palate<\/em><\/p>\n

e. Occlusal<\/p>\n

Biting\/chewing surface<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

I. Digestion In Mouth<\/p>\n

1. Ingestion<\/p>\n

Taking in food\/liquid<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Mastication<\/p>\n

Chewing<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Chemical digestion (salivary amylase)<\/p>\n

4. Deglutition<\/p>\n

Swallowing, voluntary and involuntary phases<\/em><\/p>\n

Next structure is pharynx, but was already discussed in respiratory system.<\/em><\/p>\n

J. Esophagus<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Hiatus<\/p>\n

Passageway through diaphragm<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Sphincters<\/p>\n

Circular muscle superior and inferior esophagus<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Function<\/p>\n

a. Peristalsis<\/p>\n

b. Heartburn<\/p>\n

K. Stomach<\/strong>(Gastric)<\/p>\n

1. Anatomy<\/p>\n

– Main areas<\/p>\n

a. Cardia<\/p>\n

Area where esophagus enters<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Fundus<\/p>\n

Storage area above and left of Cardia<\/em><\/p>\n

c. Body<\/p>\n

Central region<\/em><\/p>\n

d. Pylorus (sphincter)<\/p>\n

Inferior<\/em><\/p>\n

e. Greater curvature<\/p>\n

Convex border<\/em><\/p>\n

f. Lesser curvature<\/p>\n

Concave border<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Digestion in the stomach<\/p>\n

a. Stores food – Chyme<\/p>\n

b. Motility & Mixing & Emptying<\/p>\n

1. Peristalsis<\/p>\n

2. Pyloric sphincter & Duodenum<\/p>\n

3. “Pacemaker” Cells [depolarize about 3x\/min]\n

4. Controls [2-6 hours to empty]\n

a. Volume, Distension<\/p>\n

b. Gastrin<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hormone released by cells of pylorus in response to distention. It stimulates gastric motility. Caffeine stimulates gastrin release.<\/em><\/p>\n

c. Enterogastric reflex<\/p>\n

As duodenum distends, it inhibits gastric motility.<\/em><\/p>\n

d. Secretin, cholecystokinin, gastric inhibitory peptide=glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide<\/strong><\/p>\n

These intestinal hormones are released in response to duodenal distention with chyme and inhibit gastric motility.<\/em><\/p>\n

c. Gastric glands & their secretions<\/p>\n

1. Juice<\/p>\n

a. Zymogenic Cells –Pepsinogen<\/strong><\/p>\n

Activates to Pepsin and breaks down proteins<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Parietal Cells –HCl<\/strong>– Alkaline tide following a meal<\/p>\n

Protein break down, anti-microbial<\/em><\/p>\n

c. Mucus Cells –Mucus<\/strong><\/p>\n

Protects stomach wall<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Enteroendocrine Cells (Gastrin)<\/p>\n

a. Increased secretions<\/p>\n

b. Increased motility<\/p>\n

c. Caffeine increases gastrin<\/p>\n

3. Controls<\/p>\n

a. Cephalic = Reflex phase,\u00a0Seeing, smelling tasting food<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Gastric phase – Distension increases secretion<\/p>\n

c. Intestinal phase<\/p>\n

d. Enterogastric reflex<\/p>\n

e. G.I.P., cholecystokinin, secretin– Inhibit gastric secretions<\/em><\/p>\n

d. Absorption<\/p>\n

Very little<\/em><\/p>\n

Stomach function video<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

II. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM A. Overall digestive process 1. Ingestion– Eating 2. Movement 3. Digestion (mechanical & chemical) 4. Absorption Digested food moves from GI tract to blood\/lymph vessels 5. Elimination – defecation Eliminate waste B. Organization 1. Digestive tract, canal, … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":270,"featured_media":0,"parent":209,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-412","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/412","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/270"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=412"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/412\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/209"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=412"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}