{"id":418,"date":"2015-08-11T23:34:18","date_gmt":"2015-08-11T23:34:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/?page_id=418"},"modified":"2025-09-30T16:26:51","modified_gmt":"2025-09-30T16:26:51","slug":"outline-3-bio-2320-digestive-system-pancreas-through-large-intestine","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/biology-courses\/human-anatomy-and-physiology-ii-homepage-bio-2320\/outline-3-bio-2320-digestive-system-pancreas-through-large-intestine\/","title":{"rendered":"Outline-3, BIO 2320, Digestive System (pancreas through large intestine)"},"content":{"rendered":"

L. Pancreas (Accessory)<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Position<\/p>\n

Posterior, inferior to stomach<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Pancreatic duct<\/p>\n

Pancreas to duodenum<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Islets<\/p>\n

Endocrine cells<\/em><\/p>\n

4. Pancreatic Juice<\/p>\n

a. Acinar Cells [99%]– Exocrine cells<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Bicarbonate (pH 8)<\/p>\n

c. Pancreatic Amylase (Carbohydrate Enzymes)<\/p>\n

d. Protein Enzymes<\/p>\n

1. Trypsin<\/p>\n

2. Chymotrypsin<\/p>\n

3. Carboxypolypeptidase<\/p>\n

e Lipase<\/p>\n

f. Controls of Release<\/p>\n

The following increase pancreatic juice release:<\/em><\/p>\n

1. Secretin<\/p>\n

2. Cholecystokinin<\/p>\n

3. Neurally (Vagus nerve)<\/p>\n

M. Liver<\/strong>(Hepato-) (Accessory)<\/p>\n

1. 4 Lobes; Right & Left Lobes are large-separated by Falciform Ligament<\/p>\n

2. Hepatocyte<\/p>\n

3. Common Bile Duct– Hepatic ducts and gall bladder ducts join and empty into duodenum<\/em><\/p>\n

4. Blood supply<\/p>\n

Quite large<\/em><\/p>\n

5. Bile\u00a0<\/strong>Production [600-1000 ml\/day]\n

a. Liver Cells<\/p>\n

b. Gall Bladder –Stores bile<\/em><\/p>\n

c. Bile composition<\/p>\n

1. Water<\/p>\n

2. Bilirubin<\/p>\n

Break down product of hemoglobin<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Bile salts –Emulsification<\/strong><\/p>\n

Breaks fat into smaller particles<\/em><\/p>\n

d. Enterohepatic circulation<\/p>\n

Bile salts released into duodenum are reabsorbed in ileum and returned to liver<\/em><\/p>\n

e. Rate of secretion<\/p>\n

The following increase bile secretion:<\/em><\/p>\n

1. Increased Enterohepatic circulation, increased hepatic blood flow<\/p>\n

2. Vagus nerve<\/p>\n

3. Secretin<\/p>\n

4. Cholecystokinin<\/p>\n

6. Other Liver functions<\/p>\n

a. Metabolic Regulation – Blood filtering, monitoring<\/p>\n

b. Blood Regulation – Clotting factors, blood protein production<\/p>\n

c. Phagocytose old WBC, RBC<\/p>\n

d. Detoxification, Storage of poison<\/p>\n

e. Stores Glucose (glycogen), Fat, Protein, Cu,<\/p>\n

Fe, Vitamins<\/p>\n

N. Small Intestine<\/strong>[3-5 hours]\n

1. Duodenum (1′), Jejunum (8′), Ileum (12′)<\/p>\n

2. Microstructure<\/p>\n

a. Villi and Microvilli<\/p>\n

b. Blood vessels & Lacteals<\/p>\n

3. Intestinal Secretions\/Juice (2-3 l\/d)<\/p>\n

– Duodenal (Brunner’s) glands<\/p>\n

Protective mucus<\/em><\/p>\n

–<\/em>\u00a0Intestinal glands make isotonic juice containing enzymes<\/p>\n

4. Motility<\/p>\n

a. Segmentation<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mixing<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Peristalsis<\/strong><\/p>\n

Wave like weak contractions for movement of chyme<\/em><\/p>\n

5. Absorption<\/p>\n

a. Definition<\/p>\n

Nutrients pass from GI tract into bloodstream or lymph vessel, 90% absorption occurs in small intestine<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Villi & microvilli<\/p>\n

Increase surface area for absorption!<\/em><\/p>\n

c. Active transport, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, cotransport<\/p>\n

d. Carbohydrate<\/p>\n

– Glucose<\/p>\n

e. Proteins<\/p>\n

f. Lipids<\/p>\n

1. Emulsification<\/p>\n

2. Lipase<\/p>\n

3. Micelles [fat + bile salt]\n

4. Chylomicrons [more breakdown within epithelial cells, bile recirculated]\n

5. Lacteals<\/p>\n

Lymphatics<\/em><\/p>\n

g. Vitamins<\/p>\n

Vitamins ADEK absorbed along with fat, Vitamins BC absorbed along with water<\/em><\/p>\n

h. Water & Electrolytes (ions in solution)<\/p>\n

1. 200-400 ml water\/hour by osmosis (9 liters\/day)<\/p>\n

2. Sodium<\/p>\n

3. Calcium; Vit. D dependent<\/p>\n

O. Large Intestine<\/strong>[3-5 hrs; 5′]\n

1. Cecum<\/p>\n

a. Ileocecal sphincter (valve)<\/p>\n

b. Appendix<\/p>\n

2. Colon<\/p>\n

a. Ascending<\/p>\n

b. Transverse<\/p>\n

c. Descending<\/p>\n

d. Sigmoid<\/p>\n

3. Rectum<\/p>\n

4. Anus<\/p>\n

5. No Villi<\/p>\n

6. Goblet Cells<\/p>\n

Make mucus<\/em><\/p>\n

7. Taeniae coli<\/p>\n

Flat muscular bands<\/em><\/p>\n

8. Haustra<\/p>\n

Pouches formed by contraction of Taeniae coli muscles<\/em><\/p>\n

9. Motility<\/p>\n

a. Peristalsis<\/p>\n

b. Haustral churning<\/p>\n

c. Mass peristalsis [3-4x\/d]\n

Drives contents into rectum<\/em><\/p>\n

d. Gastroileal reflex [activates mass peristalsis]\n

e. Defecation reflex<\/p>\n

Relaxation of internal anal sphincter<\/em><\/p>\n

f. Anal sphincters<\/p>\n

Internal & external<\/em><\/p>\n

10. Function<\/p>\n

a. Some absorption (water)<\/p>\n

b. Lubrication<\/p>\n

c. Form & Store feces<\/p>\n

d. Vitamin K & some B’s & absorption<\/p>\n

e. Bacterial fermentation<\/p>\n

Pancreas & Bile Secretion Video<\/a><\/p>\n

Intestinal Motility Video<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

L. Pancreas (Accessory) 1. Position Posterior, inferior to stomach 2. Pancreatic duct Pancreas to duodenum 3. Islets Endocrine cells 4. Pancreatic Juice a. Acinar Cells [99%]– Exocrine cells b. Bicarbonate (pH 8) c. Pancreatic Amylase (Carbohydrate Enzymes) d. Protein Enzymes … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":270,"featured_media":0,"parent":209,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-418","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/418","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/270"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=418"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/418\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/209"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=418"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}