{"id":590,"date":"2015-08-16T16:24:40","date_gmt":"2015-08-16T16:24:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/?page_id=590"},"modified":"2016-07-26T15:00:49","modified_gmt":"2016-07-26T15:00:49","slug":"outline-1-bio-3220-introduction-to-comparative-anatomy-vertebrate-anatomy-and-taxonomy-review","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/biology-courses\/comparative-vertebrate-anatomy-bio-3220\/outline-1-bio-3220-introduction-to-comparative-anatomy-vertebrate-anatomy-and-taxonomy-review\/","title":{"rendered":"Outline-1, BIO 3220, Introduction to Comparative Anatomy, Vertebrate Anatomy, and Taxonomy Review"},"content":{"rendered":"

I. INTRODUCTION TO COMPARATIVE VERTEBRATE ANATOMY<\/strong><\/p>\n

A. \u00a0Definition<\/p>\n

1. Anatomy<\/strong>–\u00a0Description and observation of structures<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Morphology<\/strong>–\u00a0Relating & interpreting structures<\/em><\/p>\n

B. Phylogeny<\/strong>–\u00a0Evolutionary history of a group or structure; Studied via:<\/em><\/p>\n

1. Paleontology<\/p>\n

2. Functional Adaptation\/Comparative Morphology<\/p>\n

3. Embryology<\/p>\n

C. Homology –<\/strong>Shared common ancestry<\/em><\/p>\n

D. Analogy –<\/strong>Shared common function<\/em><\/p>\n

E. Homoplasy\/Homoplastic Organs<\/strong>–\u00a0Shared anatomy, but usually not homologous<\/em><\/p>\n

F. Form vs. Function<\/p>\n

1. Darwin’s Natural Selection<\/p>\n

2. Adaptation<\/p>\n

3. Preadaptation<\/p>\n

G. Evolution –<\/strong>Change in gene frequency in a population<\/em><\/p>\n

1. Divergent –Related<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Convergent –Not closely related<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Parallel –Related & isolated<\/em><\/p>\n

4. Organic –Present species are descendants of previous species<\/em><\/p>\n

H. Vestigial\u00a0<\/strong>vs.\u00a0Rudimentary<\/strong>\u00a0Structures<\/p>\n

I. Ontogeny –<\/strong>Individual’s life history from fertilization to death<\/em><\/p>\n

J. Heterochrony –Changes in relative RATES of development<\/em><\/p>\n

1. Paedogenesis –Gonads develop fast<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Paedomorphosis –Immature features of ancestor become characteristics of future species<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Neoteny –Type of paedomorphosis in which larval features are retained in the individual<\/em><\/p>\n

II. VERTEBRATE CHARACTERISTICS<\/strong><\/p>\n

A. Taxonomical Classification<\/p>\n

1. Kingdom Animalia<\/p>\n

2. Phylum Chordata<\/p>\n

3. Subphylum Vertebrata<\/p>\n

B. Chordata Characteristics (600 million years ago)<\/p>\n

1. Dorsal hollow nerve cord<\/strong><\/p>\n

2. Notochord –<\/strong>“Back – cord” – First skeletal feature in vertebrates which serves as base & support.<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Pharyngeal gill slits\/arches<\/strong><\/p>\n

4. +\/- postanal tail<\/strong><\/p>\n

C. The Vertebrates– Largest chordate subphylum, about 50,000 known species.<\/em><\/p>\n

1. Origins<\/p>\n

a. 500 million years ago – Ordovician Period –Origin of the vertebrates.<\/em><\/p>\n

Refer to Geologic Period Chart.<\/a><\/p>\n

b. Prochordates [sea squirts, amphioxus=Branchiostoma<\/em>]\n

c. Ammocoetes\u00a0<\/em>larva<\/p>\n

2. Characteristics<\/p>\n

a. Vertebral column<\/p>\n

b. Bilateral symmetry<\/p>\n

c. Ventral chambered heart<\/p>\n

d.\u00a0Closed circulatory system<\/p>\n

e. Complete digestive tract<\/p>\n

f. Cephalization<\/p>\n

1-head holding sense organs and brain<\/p>\n

2-neck<\/p>\n

g. Metamerism –Serial repetition<\/em><\/p>\n

h. Derived from 3 germ layers<\/p>\n

i. Multilayered skin<\/p>\n

j. Trunk with coelom lined with body wall<\/p>\n

k. True brain<\/p>\n

l. Cranium<\/p>\n

m. Complex muscular system<\/p>\n

n. Some have paired pectoral\/pelvic appendages<\/p>\n

o. Size<\/p>\n

p. Thyroid tissue<\/p>\n

D. Review of the Classes – Review Zoology notes;\u00a0Refer to Classification Page<\/a><\/p>\n

E. Gnathostomes vs. Agnathostomes\u00a0<\/strong>(Jawed vs. No-Jaw)<\/em><\/p>\n

Amniotes vs. Anamniotes<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Possess Amnion vs. No Amnion)<\/em><\/p>\n

Homeotherm\/Endotherm vs. Poikilotherm\/Ectotherm<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Steady temp.\/Generates heat vs. Temp. varies\/heat from environment)<\/em><\/p>\n

Fish vs. Tetrapod<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

I. INTRODUCTION TO COMPARATIVE VERTEBRATE ANATOMY A. \u00a0Definition 1. Anatomy–\u00a0Description and observation of structures 2. Morphology–\u00a0Relating & interpreting structures B. Phylogeny–\u00a0Evolutionary history of a group or structure; Studied via: 1. Paleontology 2. Functional Adaptation\/Comparative Morphology 3. Embryology C. Homology –Shared … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":270,"featured_media":0,"parent":580,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-590","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/590","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/270"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=590"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/590\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/580"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=590"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}