<\/p>\n
Sections I-VI refer to Tetrapods only; Section VII includes sharks<\/p>\n
\u00a0I. EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLES<\/b><\/p>\n
Superior, inferior, and internal (medial) rectus, inferior oblique {Innervated by cranial nerve III}<\/p>\n
Superior oblique {cranial nerve IV}<\/p>\n
External (lateral) rectus, retractor bulbi {cranial nerve VI}<\/p>\n
II. HYPOBRANCHIAL and TONGUE MUSCLES<\/b><\/p>\n
Geniohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid {ventral rami of spinal nerves}<\/p>\n
Genioglossus, hyoglossus, lingualis, styloglossus {cranial nerve XII}<\/p>\n
III. EPAXIAL MUSCLES<\/b><\/p>\n
ANAMNIOTES – Dorsalis trunci<\/p>\n
AMNIOTES – Intervertebrals, longissimus, spinales (multifidus spinae), iliocostales {dorsal rami of spinal nerves}<\/p>\n
IV. HYPAXIAL MUSCLES<\/b><\/p>\n
Rectus abdominis, lateral group [external oblique and external intercostals; internal oblique and internal intercostals; transversus abdominis and transversus thoracis], subvertebrals, diaphragm in mammals {ventral rami of spinal nerves}<\/p>\n
V. PECTORAL GIRDLE & LIMB MUSCLES<\/b><\/p>\n
DORSAL GROUP – Deltoid; latissimus dorsi; teres major; subcoracoscapularis–>subscapularis; scapulohumeralis anterior–>teres minor; triceps; wrist and digit extensors; cutaneous trunci = cutaneous maximus<\/p>\n
VENTRAL GROUP – Pectoralis; supracoracoideus–>supraspinatus and infraspinatus; coracobrachialis; biceps brachii; brachialis; wrist and digit flexors<\/p>\n
{Most appendicular muscles are innervated by ventral rami of spinal nerves}<\/p>\n
VI. PELVIC GIRDLE & LIMB MUSCLES<\/b><\/p>\n
DORSAL GROUP – Iliofemoralis and iliofibularis–>gluteus and tensor fasciae latae; iliotibialis, femorotibialis and ambiens–>quadriceps and sartorius; pubioischiofemoralis internus–>iliacus, psoas major and pectineus; ankle and digit extensors<\/p>\n
VENTRAL GROUP – Puboischiotibialis–>gracilis; pubotibialis and flexor tibialis–>semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris, and adductors; adductor femoris, ankle and digit flexors<\/p>\n
VII. BRANCHIOMERIC MUSCLES<\/b><\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
SHARK<\/strong>\u00a0………………………………………….TETRAPODS<\/strong><\/p>\n PHARYNGEAL ARCH I<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0(mandibular arch) {cranial nerve V}<\/p>\n Adductor mandibulae…………………………\u00a0Masseter<\/p>\n temporalis, pterygoid<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Intermandibularis\u00a0……………………………..Mylohyoid, digastric, tensor<\/p>\n tympani<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u00a0PHARYNGEAL ARCH II\u00a0<\/u><\/strong>(hyoid arch) {cranial nerve VII}<\/p>\n Levator hyomandibulae\u00a0………………………Stapedius<\/p>\n Dorsal hyoid constrictor\u00a0= Levator hyoideus..Stylohyoid<\/p>\n Interhyoideus……………………………………..Depressor mandibulae<\/p>\n {continuous with hyoid constrictor} ………..Ventral digastric, sphincter<\/p>\n colli\/Platysma<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n PHARYNGEAL ARCH III<\/u><\/b> <\/u>{cranial nerve IX}<\/p>\n Constrictors,<\/span>……………………………………..<\/span>Stylopharyngeus<\/span><\/p>\n levators,<\/span><\/p>\n adductors,<\/span><\/p>\n interarcuals<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n PHARYNGEAL ARCHES IV-VI <\/u><\/b>{cranial nerves X and XI}<\/p>\n Constrictors,<\/span> …………………………………..Thyroarytenoid,<\/span><\/p>\n levators,<\/span> …………………………………………cricoarytenoid,<\/span><\/p>\n adductors,<\/span>……………………………………….cricothyroid<\/span><\/p>\n interarcuals<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Cucullaris<\/span>………………………………………. Trapezius, sternomastoid, <\/span><\/p>\n cleidomastoid<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Sections I-VI refer to Tetrapods only; Section VII includes sharks \u00a0I. EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLES Superior, inferior, and internal (medial) rectus, inferior oblique {Innervated by cranial nerve III} Superior oblique {cranial nerve IV} External (lateral) rectus, retractor bulbi {cranial nerve … Continue reading
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