{"id":784,"date":"2015-08-21T17:14:29","date_gmt":"2015-08-21T17:14:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/?page_id=784"},"modified":"2015-08-21T17:48:03","modified_gmt":"2015-08-21T17:48:03","slug":"outline-2-bio-3220-digestive-system","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/biology-courses\/comparative-vertebrate-anatomy-bio-3220\/outline-2-bio-3220-digestive-system\/","title":{"rendered":"Outline-2, BIO 3220, Digestive System"},"content":{"rendered":"

II. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM<\/strong><\/p>\n

A. Overall function<\/p>\n

1. Ingestion<\/p>\n

2. Digestion<\/p>\n

3. Absorption<\/p>\n

4. Waste elimination<\/p>\n

B. Development<\/p>\n

1. Coelom, Pleuroperitoneal cavity through reptiles<\/p>\n

2. Parietal peritoneum –\u00a0From somatic mesoderm<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Visceral peritoneum –\u00a0From splanchnic mesoderm<\/em><\/p>\n

4. Dorsal and Ventral Mesentery –\u00a0Folds of peritoneum<\/em><\/p>\n

5. Foregut –\u00a0Embryonic region giving rise to organs to the small intestine, liver, pancreas, bile duct…<\/em><\/p>\n

6. Midgut –\u00a0Embryonic region giving rise to small intestine & part of large intestine<\/em><\/p>\n

7. Hindgut –\u00a0Embryonic region giving rise to large intestine & cloaca<\/em><\/p>\n

C. Morphology<\/p>\n

1. Overview of gut wall (Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis, Serosa<\/strong>)<\/p>\n

2. Peristalsis and Segmentation –\u00a0Wave like contraction and stationary mixing contraction<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Oral cavity; Oropharyngeal cavity<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Tongue –\u00a0Can extend from mouth beginning with amphibians; anchored by hyoid<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Glands –\u00a0Examples include venom, saliva, enzymes, anticoagulant in lampreys, nutrients for young in catfish, mucus<\/em><\/p>\n

c. Teeth<\/p>\n

1. Dermal armor, dermal plates, placoid scales<\/p>\n

2. Parts of tooth<\/p>\n

a. Dentin – Odontoblasts<\/p>\n

b. Enamel – Ameloblasts<\/p>\n

c. Pulp cavity<\/p>\n

d. Cementum –\u00a0Acellular bone<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Attachment classification<\/p>\n

a. Acrodont –\u00a0Peak of jaws; e.g. teleosts<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Pleurodont –\u00a0Inner surface of jaws; e.g. frogs, urodeles, lizards<\/em><\/p>\n

c. Thecodont –\u00a0Roots in sockets; e.g. crocodiles, extinct birds, mammals<\/em><\/p>\n

4. # Sets<\/p>\n

a. Polyphydont –\u00a0Typical of most vertebrates<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Diphydont –\u00a0Many mammals<\/em><\/p>\n

c. Monophydont –\u00a0Platypus<\/em><\/p>\n

5. Shape<\/p>\n

a. Homodont –\u00a0Fish, amphibians, most reptiles, some marine mammals<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Heterodont –\u00a0later reptiles, most mammals<\/em><\/p>\n

1. Incisors –\u00a0Flat, chisel-shaped<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Canine –\u00a0Pointed for piercing & tearing<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Premolars –\u00a0Grinding teeth with 1-2 roots<\/em><\/p>\n

4. Molars –\u00a0Grinding teeth with 3 roots<\/em><\/p>\n

6. Dental formulas<\/p>\n

a. Human: 2-1-2-3\/2-1-2-3 = 32<\/p>\n

b. Cat: 3-1-3-1\/3-1-2-1 = 30<\/p>\n

c. Cow: 0-0-3-3 \/3-1-3-3= 32<\/p>\n

4. Pharynx<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. FISH –\u00a0Respiratory in function<\/em><\/p>\n

b. TETRAPODS –\u00a0Throat; swallowing, location of tonsils in mammals<\/em><\/p>\n

1. Glottis –\u00a0Opening into airways<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Auditory tubes –\u00a0Connect pharynx with middle ear to equalize ear pressure<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Esophageal opening<\/p>\n

5. Esophagus –\u00a0<\/strong>Capable of closing in fish<\/em><\/p>\n

a. Crop –\u00a01-2 present in some birds, sometimes contains digestive enzymes, allows for hoarding of food<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Pigeon milk –\u00a0In doves; regurgitated for nestlings<\/em><\/p>\n

6. Stomach<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Anatomy –\u00a01 or more chambers<\/em><\/p>\n

1. Pylorus\/Pyloric sphincter<\/p>\n

2. Greater & Lesser Curvature<\/p>\n

3. Greater omentum –\u00a0Mammals only<\/em><\/p>\n

4. Proventriculus –\u00a0Contains digestive enzymes; in birds and crocodiles<\/em><\/p>\n

5. Gizzard –\u00a0Grinding mill in birds<\/em><\/p>\n

6. \u00a0a. Rumen, b. Reticulum, c. Omasum, d. Abomasum –\u00a0a. Cellulase & mucus release, b. Formation of bolus for regurgitation, c. Holding tank, d. Glandular portion<\/p>\n

Found in Ruminants that regurgitate & rechew\/reswallow food – such as deer, cattle<\/p>\n

b. Physiology<\/p>\n

1. Overall –\u00a0Receives, stores, liquefies, and mixes food<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Chyme –\u00a0Liquefied food<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Zymogenic cells – Pepsinogen –\u00a0Breakdown of protein<\/em><\/p>\n

4. Parietal cells – HCl –\u00a0Protein breakdown, pepsinogen activation, antimicrobial<\/em><\/p>\n

5. Goblet Cells – Mucus –\u00a0Stomach lining protection<\/em><\/p>\n

7. Intestine<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. FISH<\/p>\n

1. Typhlosole –\u00a0Spiral valve internally to increase surface area<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Coils –\u00a0Teleosts to increase surface area<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Cecum\/Ceca –\u00a0Teleosts<\/em><\/p>\n

b. TETRAPODS<\/p>\n

1. Small Intestine<\/p>\n

a. Duodenum –\u00a0Mammals<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Jejunum-\u00a0Mammals<\/em><\/p>\n

c. Ileum-\u00a0Mammals<\/em><\/p>\n

d. Villi –\u00a0Increases surface area<\/em><\/p>\n

e. Blood vessels & Lacteals –\u00a0For absorption of nutrients<\/em><\/p>\n

f. Function –\u00a0Chemical digestion &\u00a0most nutrient absorption occurs in small intestine<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

2. Large Intestine<\/p>\n

a. Cecum\/Ceca –\u00a0Pouches, common in amniotes<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Colon –\u00a0Majority of Large intestine<\/em><\/p>\n

c. Rectum –\u00a0Terminal segment of large intestine<\/em><\/p>\n

d. Function –\u00a0Formation & storage of feces; some water absorption, fermentation in some herbivores<\/em><\/p>\n

8. Liver & Gall Bladder<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Embryology –\u00a0Foregut & Midgut Diverticula<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Lesser omentum –\u00a0Supports ducts & vessels; Lesser curvature of stomach to liver<\/em><\/p>\n

c. Bile duct –\u00a0Hepatic & Cystic ducts combine to form Common Bile Duct which dumps into the duodenum\/or beginning of intestine<\/em><\/p>\n

d. Falciform ligament –\u00a0Liver to ventral body wall<\/em><\/p>\n

e. Function –\u00a0Glucose storage, form bile, amino acid deamination (ammonia, uric acid, urea), clotting factors, blood formation in fish, gall bladder stores bile<\/em><\/p>\n

9. Pancreas\u00a0<\/strong>[exocrine-makes digestive juices that travel through the pancreatic duct into the intestine (duodenum)<\/em>]\n

a. Acinar cells –\u00a0Produce pancreatic juice<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Amylase, lipase, protease<\/p>\n

10. Cloaca –\u00a0<\/strong>Receives digestive, urinary, genital structures below placental mammals<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

II. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM A. Overall function 1. Ingestion 2. Digestion 3. Absorption 4. Waste elimination B. Development 1. Coelom, Pleuroperitoneal cavity through reptiles 2. Parietal peritoneum –\u00a0From somatic mesoderm 3. Visceral peritoneum –\u00a0From splanchnic mesoderm 4. Dorsal and Ventral Mesentery … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":270,"featured_media":0,"parent":580,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-784","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/784","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/270"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=784"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/784\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/580"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=784"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}