{"id":799,"date":"2015-08-21T18:31:35","date_gmt":"2015-08-21T18:31:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/?page_id=799"},"modified":"2015-08-21T18:43:11","modified_gmt":"2015-08-21T18:43:11","slug":"outline-2-bio-3220-circulatory-system","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/biology-courses\/comparative-vertebrate-anatomy-bio-3220\/outline-2-bio-3220-circulatory-system\/","title":{"rendered":"Outline-2, BIO 3220, Circulatory System"},"content":{"rendered":"

IV. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM<\/strong><\/p>\n

A. Overall components –\u00a0Blood, blood vessels, heart<\/em><\/p>\n

B. Overall function –\u00a0Transport nutrients, gases, hormones, waste, immunity, temperature regulation<\/em><\/p>\n

C. Ontogeny & Phylogeny –\u00a0First system to be functional in development; Similar embryology in all vertebrates, Individual variation within species<\/em><\/p>\n

D. BLOOD<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Plasma [serum is plasma minus clotting factors<\/em>]\n

2. Formed Elements<\/p>\n

a. Erythrocytes<\/p>\n

1. Hemoglobin –\u00a0Red blood pigment for carrying oxygen<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Iron –\u00a0Needed for hemoglobin synthesis<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Leukocytes –\u00a0Immunity, Antibody production, Phagocytosis<\/em><\/p>\n

c. Platelets –\u00a0Clotting of blood<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Hemopoiesis-\u00a0Formation of blood cells; Sites in adult include liver, kidney, spleen, and red bone marrow, depending on the vertebrate class.<\/em><\/p>\n

a. Blood islands –\u00a0Located in the wall of the yolk sac is the earliest site of hemopoiesis in vertebrates<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Hemocytoblasts –\u00a0Stem cells<\/em><\/p>\n

\n

E. HEART<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Development –\u00a0Functional by 30 hours in chick (21 day incubation) and 4 weeks in humans (280 day gestation)<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Heart wall<\/p>\n

a. Endocardium –\u00a0Inner, shiny lining of heart chambers<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Myocardium<\/p>\n

1. Striated<\/p>\n

2. Intercalated disks<\/p>\n

c. Epicardium –\u00a0Outermost layer<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Parietal & Visceral Pericardium; Pericardial cavity –\u00a0Parietal pericardium is part of the pericardial sac surrounding the heart; Visceral pericardium is synonym for epicardium; Pericardial cavity is between parietal & visceral pericardium.<\/em><\/p>\n

4. GILL BREATHING FISH<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Single circuit pump with the following four chambers:<\/p>\n

b. Sinus Venosus –Pacemaker of heart<\/em><\/p>\n

c. Atrium<\/p>\n

d. Ventricle<\/p>\n

e. Conus arteriosus [trunk]\n

f. AV Valve –\u00a0One way valve between atrium & ventricle to prevent back flow of blood<\/em><\/p>\n

g. Semilunar valve –\u00a0One way valve between ventricle & conus arteriosus to prevent back flow of blood<\/em><\/p>\n

h. Bulbus arteriosus –\u00a0Muscular expansion of ventral aorta to ensure steady blood flow in some fish<\/em><\/p>\n

5. LUNGFISH & AMPHIBIANS<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Two circuit heart<\/p>\n

b. Interatrial septum –\u00a0Partial or complete<\/em><\/p>\n

c. Interventricular septum\/Ventricular trabeculae –\u00a0Partial division of ventricles<\/em><\/p>\n

d. Spiral Valve –\u00a0Found in dipnoans and anurans & attempts to divide conus arteriosus<\/em><\/p>\n

6. AMNIOTES<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Two circuit heart –\u00a0More complete divisions of heart than in lungfish & amphibians.<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Two atria & Two ventricles<\/p>\n

c. Sinus venosus<\/p>\n

1. Pacemaker (fish through reptiles)<\/p>\n

2. Becomes the\u00a0Sinoatrial node\u00a0<\/strong>in birds and mammals which is their pacemaker located in the wall of the right atrium<\/p>\n

3. Beating –\u00a0Pacemaker sets the pace for the entire heart<\/em><\/p>\n

d. Interatrial septum –\u00a0Complete<\/em><\/p>\n

1. Foramen ovale –\u00a0Embryonic hole between right and left atria<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Auricle –\u00a0Expansions of atria in mammals only.<\/em><\/p>\n

e. Interventricular septum\u00a0[complete in birds, crocodiles & mammals]<\/em><\/p>\n

f. Bicuspid valves in mammals; Tricuspid valves in mammals; Semilunar Valves<\/p>\n

g. Fate of conus arteriosus –\u00a0Divides into three trunks in reptiles; divides into two trunks in birds and mammals<\/em><\/p>\n

h. Circulation through heart [Cava from systemic circulation – R.A. – R.V. – Pulmonary trunk\/arteries – Lungs – Pulmonary veins – L.A. – L.V. – Aorta – Systemic circulation]\n

\n

F. BLOOD VESSELS<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. ARTERIES carry blood away from the heart<\/strong>: Ventral aorta; Dorsal aorta; Aortic arches<\/p>\n

2. Ventral aorta & Arches:<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. FISH<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Afferent branchial artery<\/p>\n

2. Gill capillaries<\/p>\n

3. Efferent branchial artery<\/p>\n

4. Shark –\u00a0pseudobranchial artery is efferent branchial artery of arch 1<\/em><\/p>\n

5. Teleosts –\u00a01 & 2 gone<\/em><\/p>\n

6. Lungfish –Pulmonary artery from 6th aortic arch – efferent<\/em><\/p>\n

b. TETRAPOD<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. General pattern<\/p>\n

a. Embryo –\u00a06 arches, 1 and 2 rapidly regress<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Internal carotid A –\u00a03rd arch plus paired dorsal aortae<\/em><\/p>\n

c. 5th aortic arch –\u00a0Gone in most<\/em><\/p>\n

d. Pulmonary artery – 6<\/p>\n

e. Common carotid A. –\u00a0From ventral aorta<\/em><\/p>\n

f. External carotid A. –\u00a0From common carotid artery<\/em><\/p>\n

2. AMPHIBIANS<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Urodeles –Ductus caroticus present, retains 5th aortic arch<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Anurans –\u00a0No ductus caroticus after metamorphosis<\/em><\/p>\n

3. REPTILES<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Two aortic trunks<\/p>\n

b. One pulmonary trunk<\/p>\n

4. BIRDS & MAMMALS<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. One aortic trunk (3&4)<\/p>\n

b. One pulmonary trunk (6)<\/p>\n

c. R 4th stays in- birds<\/p>\n

d. Left 4th stays in mammals<\/p>\n

e. Subclavian A in mammals from part of R. 4th arch<\/p>\n

f. Ductus arteriosus –\u00a0In fetus only, this is a bypass of blood flow to the non- functional lungs from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta.<\/em><\/p>\n

g. Carotids same as general pattern<\/p>\n

3. Dorsal Aorta<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. General pattern<\/p>\n

1. Paired in head & pharynx<\/p>\n

2. Single in trunk<\/p>\n

3. Caudal A.<\/p>\n

b. Ventral Visceral branches<\/p>\n

1. Celiac A. –\u00a0Supplies stomach, pancreas, liver<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Mesenteric A. –\u00a0May be more than one; supplies intestine<\/em><\/p>\n

c. Lateral visceral branches<\/p>\n

1. Urogenital<\/p>\n

d. Somatic branches<\/p>\n

1. Skin, spine, muscles<\/p>\n

2. Subclavian A. —>Brachial A. –\u00a0Supplies arm<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Iliac A. —>Femoral A. –\u00a0Supplies leg<\/em><\/p>\n

4. VEINS (Veins start as capillaries & carry blood towards the heart)<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Cardinal stream<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. SHARK<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Common Cardinal Vein<\/p>\n

1. Anterior Cardinal –\u00a0Drains head<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Posterior Cardinal –\u00a0Drains kidney, body wall, gonads – most except digestive structures<\/em><\/p>\n

2. AMPHIBIANS –\u00a0<\/strong>Most of Postcardinal disappears in anurans, but persists in urodeles<\/em><\/p>\n

3. AMNIOTES<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Postcava (Inferior or caudal vena cava)\u00a0takes the place of Posterior Cardinal Vein; Drains some of hindlimbs in crocodiles, all of hindlimbs in mammals and eventually drains most of trunk and tail in addition to hind limbs<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Azygous\/hemiazygous[from R. posterior cardinal in mammals; provides alternate route from structures caudal to diaphragm in mammals]<\/em><\/p>\n

c. Precavae (Superior or cranial Vena cava)[from Common Cardinal V]<\/em><\/p>\n

d. Internal Jugular\u00a0[from Anterior cardinal V.]<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Renal Portal Stream<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Definition of Portal –\u00a0Vein that begins and ends in a capillary bed<\/em><\/p>\n

2. FISH\u00a0<\/strong>–\u00a0Drains tail to kidney<\/em><\/p>\n

3. AMPHIBIANS<\/strong>–\u00a0Drains hindlimbs to kidneys<\/em><\/p>\n

4. REPTILES & BIRDS\u00a0<\/strong>–\u00a0Bypasses kidneys and goes to postcava<\/em><\/p>\n

5. MAMMALS –\u00a0<\/strong>Not present<\/em><\/p>\n

c. Abdominal Stream<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. SHARKS<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Iliac –\u00a0From pelvic fins<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Subclavian\u00a0– From pectoral fins to common cardinal V.<\/em><\/p>\n

2. AMPHIBIANS<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Ventral – single<\/p>\n

b. No forelimbs<\/p>\n

3. REPTILES<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Double<\/p>\n

b. No forelimbs<\/p>\n

4. MAMMALS<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. In fetus only<\/p>\n

b. Umbilical V.\/Round ligament of liver is remnant in adult<\/p>\n

c. Ductus venosus\/ligament venosum remnant in adult<\/p>\n

d. Hepatic Portal Stream\/Hepatic Sinuses<\/strong>–\u00a0All vertebrates have this stream & is similar in all vertebrates<\/em><\/p>\n

– Vitelline V. –\u00a0From yolk sac to heart<\/em><\/p>\n

– Subintestinal V.<\/p>\n

– Hepatic Portal System\u00a0– Develops from one vitelline V. and Subintestinal Vein<\/em><\/p>\n

–\u00a0<\/em>Hepatic Sinuses –\u00a0Develops within liver from vitelline veins<\/em><\/p>\n

e. Mammalian Fetal Circulation<\/strong>–\u00a0Liver is bypassed by Ductus Venosus and Lungs are bypassed by Ductus Arteriosus & Foramen Ovale of interatrial septum<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

IV. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM A. Overall components –\u00a0Blood, blood vessels, heart B. Overall function –\u00a0Transport nutrients, gases, hormones, waste, immunity, temperature regulation C. Ontogeny & Phylogeny –\u00a0First system to be functional in development; Similar embryology in all vertebrates, Individual variation within … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":270,"featured_media":0,"parent":580,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-799","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/799","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/270"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=799"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/799\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/580"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=799"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}