{"id":820,"date":"2015-08-21T19:09:26","date_gmt":"2015-08-21T19:09:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/?page_id=820"},"modified":"2015-08-21T19:40:08","modified_gmt":"2015-08-21T19:40:08","slug":"outline-2-bio-3220-nervous-system","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/biology-courses\/comparative-vertebrate-anatomy-bio-3220\/outline-2-bio-3220-nervous-system\/","title":{"rendered":"Outline-2, BIO 3220, Nervous System"},"content":{"rendered":"

VII. NERVOUS SYSTEM<\/strong><\/p>\n

A. General function<\/p>\n

1. Sensory\/receptors<\/p>\n

2. Integration – memory<\/p>\n

3. Response, motor\/effectors<\/p>\n

B. Classification<\/p>\n

1. Central Nervous System –\u00a0<\/strong>Brain & Spinal Cord<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Peripheral Nervous System<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Afferent –\u00a0Sensory information from periphery towards CNS<\/em><\/p>\n

1. Somatic<\/p>\n

2. Visceral<\/p>\n

b. Efferent –\u00a0Motor information from CNS to periphery<\/em><\/p>\n

1. Somatic<\/p>\n

2. Visceral =\u00a0Autonomic Nervous System<\/strong><\/p>\n

a- Sympathetic Nervous System\u00a0(fight or flight)<\/em><\/p>\n

b-Parasympathetic Nervous System\u00a0(rest & relaxation)<\/em><\/p>\n

C. Neuron<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Cell body<\/strong>–\u00a0Organelle-containing part of cell<\/em><\/p>\n

a. Ganglion –\u00a0Group of cell bodies in PNS<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Nucleus –\u00a0Group of cell bodies in CNS<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Cytoplasmic process<\/p>\n

a. Axon<\/strong>= Fiber<\/p>\n

1. Fiber tracts – CNS<\/p>\n

2. Nerve – PNS<\/p>\n

3. Sensory vs Motor vs Mixed<\/p>\n

b. Dendrite –\u00a0<\/strong>Receptor<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Synapse –\u00a0<\/strong>Junction between neurons<\/em><\/p>\n

a. Telodendria –\u00a0Ends of axon entering synapse<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Neurotransmitters –\u00a0Chemicals bridging synapse<\/em><\/p>\n

D. Neuroglia –\u00a0<\/strong>Provide mechanical and nutritive support to neurons<\/em><\/p>\n

1. Ependymal cells –\u00a0Line the neurocoel<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Oligodendroglia –\u00a0Produce Myelin in CNS; Myelin (white matter) speeds up nerve impulse transmission<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Astrocytes –\u00a0Maintain blood-brain-barrier<\/em><\/p>\n

4. Microglia –\u00a0Phagocytes<\/em><\/p>\n

5. Schwann Cells –\u00a0Produce myelin in PNS<\/em><\/p>\n

E. Development<\/p>\n

1. Neurulation<\/p>\n

2. Neural tube<\/p>\n

a. Germinal layer<\/p>\n

b. Mantle layer – gray<\/p>\n

c. Marginal layer – white –\u00a0Cytoplasmic extensions, lack nuclei<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Neuroblasts\u00a0– Form neurons<\/em><\/p>\n

4. Spongioblasts –\u00a0Form neuroglia<\/em><\/p>\n

5. Alar vs Basal plate –\u00a0Dorsal and ventral gray matter<\/em><\/p>\n

6. Neural crest cells<\/p>\n

a. First order sensory neuron –\u00a0Has cell bodies in sensory ganglia<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Second order sensory neuron = association neuron –\u00a0Within the CNS<\/em><\/p>\n

c. Exceptions of the typical cell body of sensory neurons being in ganglia:<\/p>\n

1. Cranial nerves I, II<\/p>\n

2. Proprioception pathways of cranial nerves I – X<\/p>\n

\n

F. SPINAL CORD<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Location & Function<\/p>\n

2. Meninges<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Meninx Primitiva –\u00a0In fish<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Leptomeninx –\u00a0Inner membrane in higher vertebrates<\/em><\/p>\n

c. Dura mater –\u00a0Outer membrane in higher vertebrates<\/em><\/p>\n

d. Pia mater –\u00a0Mammals only, inner splitting of leptomeninx<\/em><\/p>\n

e. Arachnoid & Subarachnoid space –\u00a0Mammals only, outer layer splitting from leptomeninx. Subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal Fluid, or CSF.<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Gray matter –\u00a0Contains nuclei, nonmyelinated neurons, center of spinal cord<\/em><\/p>\n

4. White matter –\u00a0Myelinated ascending and descending tracts in peripheral spinal cord<\/em><\/p>\n

5. Spinal nerves<\/p>\n

a. Metamerism<\/p>\n

b. Cauda equina –\u00a0Caudal-most set of spinal nerves resembling a horse’s tail<\/em><\/p>\n

c. Occipitospinal nerves –\u00a0Anamniote nerves innervating hypobranchial muscles<\/em><\/p>\n

d. Spinal Nerves are Mixed nerves: Dorsal and Ventral root –\u00a0Dorsal root containing sensory information\/ Ventral root containing motor information<\/em><\/p>\n

e. Dorsal and ventral ramus –\u00a0After exiting the vertebrae, spinal nerves branch into a dorsal branch supplying epaxial muscles and a ventral branch supplying hypaxial muscles and the autonomic nervous system.<\/em><\/p>\n

f. Plexuses –\u00a0Networks of successive spinal nerves supplying limbs<\/em><\/p>\n

\n

G. BRAIN<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Prosencephalon –\u00a0<\/strong>“Forebrain”, embryonic<\/em><\/p>\n

a. Telencephalon<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Rhinencephalon<\/p>\n

a. Olfactory bulbs<\/p>\n

b. Olfactory tract<\/p>\n

c. Olfactory lobe<\/p>\n

2. Cerebral hemispheres<\/p>\n

a. Paleostriatum –\u00a0Primary region in fish, responsible for olfactory reflexes<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Neostriatum –\u00a0Beginning with reptiles, more nuclei, tracts, and neuroglia<\/em><\/p>\n

c. Hyperstriatum –\u00a0Primarily in birds for stereotypical behavior<\/em><\/p>\n

d. Corpus striatum = basal nuclei –\u00a0Remnants of Paleostriatum and neostriatum buried in mammalian brain, responsible for repetitive and stereotyped movements<\/em><\/p>\n

e. Cortex –\u00a0Starting in reptiles but up to billions of neurons that must be folded in skull to fit in mammals<\/em><\/p>\n

1. Motor & Sensory –\u00a0Responsible for voluntary movement and conscious sensations<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Memory & Integration<\/p>\n

3. 4 lobes\u00a0– In mammals, named according to skull bones<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Lateral ventricles –\u00a0Ventricles are cavities in brain<\/em><\/p>\n

a. CSF – Cerebrospinal Fluid<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. \u00a0Formation – from blood vessels called choroid plexus<\/p>\n

2. Function –\u00a0Cushion, protection, nutrients<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Diencephalon<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Epithalamus<\/p>\n

a. Pineal body –\u00a0Light receptor in agnathans, endocrine (hormone producer) in gnathostomes.<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Parapineal = parietal eye –\u00a0Monitors photoperiods in some fish, lampreys, some tadpoles<\/em><\/p>\n

c. Habenula –\u00a0Olfactory reflexes in blood hounds, sharks<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Thalamus<\/p>\n

a. Sensory relay<\/p>\n

b. Intermediate mass = interthalamic adhesion<\/p>\n

3. Hypothalamus<\/p>\n

a. Optic chiasma<\/p>\n

b. Infundibular stalk\/Posterior Pituitary<\/p>\n

c. Function –\u00a0Endocrine, regulates ANS, emotions, water balance, thermostat, hunger & satiety<\/em><\/p>\n

4. Third ventricle<\/p>\n

a. Interventricular foramen<\/p>\n

b. Cerebral aqueduct<\/p>\n

2. Mesencephalon –\u00a0<\/strong>Midbrain of embryo, term used in adult as well<\/em><\/p>\n

a. Optic lobes –\u00a0Especially well developed in many birds<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Auditory lobes –\u00a0Auditory reflexes such as jumping when hearing loud sound<\/em><\/p>\n

-Corpora Quadrigemina<\/p>\n

c. Cerebral peduncles –\u00a0Descending motor tracts from cortex<\/em><\/p>\n

d. Cerebral aqueduct<\/p>\n

3. Rhombencephalon –\u00a0<\/strong>Embryonic hindbrain<\/em><\/p>\n

a. Myelencephalon<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Medulla oblongata<\/p>\n

a. Pyramids –\u00a0Crossing of motor and sensory tracts<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Function –\u00a0Vital reflexes such as breathing, connection between brain and spinal cord for ascending and descending pathways<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Metencephalon<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Cerebellum –\u00a0Coordination and balance; quite large in birds and mammals<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Pons –\u00a0“Bridge” between different parts of brain<\/em><\/p>\n

c. Fourth ventricle –\u00a0Containing CSF<\/em><\/p>\n

\n

H. CRANIAL NERVES<\/strong>–\u00a0see Cranial Nerves page<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

I. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Visceral efferent to smooth & cardiac muscle and glands<\/p>\n

2. Involuntary<\/p>\n

3. Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic<\/p>\n

a. Functional differences\u00a0– Sympathetic is “fight or flight” response; Parasympathetic is “rest and relaxation” response<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Structural differences –\u00a0Sympathetic nerves travel with spinal nerves in thoracolumbar region; Parasympathetic nerves travel independent of spinal nerves in sacral region and along with cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X<\/em><\/p>\n

4. Preganglionic neurons –\u00a0Exit CNS and synapse in peripheral ganglion<\/em><\/p>\n

5. Postganglionic neurons –\u00a0Travel from ganglion to effector<\/em><\/p>\n

6. Autonomic ganglia<\/p>\n

a. Paravertebral<\/p>\n

1. Sympathetic trunk –\u00a0Interconnecting chain of sympathetic ganglia traveling parallel to spinal cord allowing for divergence of pathways<\/em><\/p>\n

2. White ramus communicans –\u00a0Branching of preganglionic neuron away from spinal nerve in SNS<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Gray ramus communicans –\u00a0Branching of postganglionic neuron to rejoin spinal nerve in SNS<\/em><\/p>\n

b. Collateral<\/p>\n

1. Splanchnic nerve<\/p>\n

2. Cardiac nerve<\/p>\n

3. Head and abdomen<\/p>\n

c. Terminal ganglia<\/p>\n

7. Cholinergic –\u00a0Releasing acetylcholine as neurotransmitter<\/em><\/p>\n

8. Adrenergic –\u00a0Releasing norepinephrine as neurotransmitter<\/em><\/p>\n

9. Adrenal medulla –\u00a0Is part of SNS and releases epinephrine and norepinephrine to prolong and exaggerate the fight or flight response<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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VII. NERVOUS SYSTEM A. General function 1. Sensory\/receptors 2. Integration – memory 3. Response, motor\/effectors B. Classification 1. Central Nervous System –\u00a0Brain & Spinal Cord 2. Peripheral Nervous System a. Afferent –\u00a0Sensory information from periphery towards CNS 1. Somatic 2. … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":270,"featured_media":0,"parent":580,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-820","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/820","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/270"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=820"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/820\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/580"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.msudenver.edu\/haysc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=820"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}