Objectives-2, BIO 2310, Human Muscles

C. HUMAN MUSCLES [O = Origin; I = Insertion; A = Action] You must be logged in to Mc-Graw Hill Connect for animation videos to work on actions.

MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION

1. Orbicularis oris

Sphincter around mouth

A = Closes and protrudes lips: https://anatomy.mheducation.com/html/apr.html?animal=human&id=11

 

2. Orbicularis oculi

Sphincter around eye

A = Closes eyelids: https://anatomy.mheducation.com/html/apr.html?animal=human&id=10

 

3. Zygomaticus (major & minor)

O = Zygomatic bone

I = Angle of mouth

A = Raise angle of mouth; smile

 

4. Risorius

O = Fascia of masseter muscle

I = Angle of mouth

A = Draws angle of mouth laterally as in tenseness

 

5. Buccinator

O = Alveoli of mandible and maxillae

I = Orbicularis oris

A = Compress cheek; blowing and sucking: https://anatomy.mheducation.com/html/apr.html?animal=human&id=8672

 

6. Platysma

O = Fascia over deltoid and pectoralis major muscles

I = Mandible, skin of chin and cheek

A = Depress mandible; draws lip downward as in pouting; tightens and wrinkles skin of neck: https://anatomy.mheducation.com/html/apr.html?animal=human&id=8685

 

7. Frontalis

O = Galea aponeurotica

I = Skin and muscles of forehead

A = Raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead, draws scalp foreword: https://anatomy.mheducation.com/html/apr.html?animal=human&id=8

 

8. Occipitalis

O = Occipital bone

I = Galea aponeurotica

A = Draws scalp backward

 

MUSCLES OF MASTICATION

*1. Masseter

O = Zygomatic arch

I = Ramus of mandible

A = Elevates mandible: https://anatomy.mheducation.com/html/apr.html?animal=human&id=8683

2. Temporalis

O = Temporal line

I = Coronoid process of mandible

A = Elevates and retracts mandible: https://anatomy.mheducation.com/html/apr.html?animal=human&id=8691

 

3. Digastric (floor of the oral cavity)

O = Hyoid bone

I = Inner surface of lower border of mandible (chin); mastoid process of temporal bone

A = Elevates hyoid and larynx, depresses mandible

 

MUSCLE THAT MOVE THE HEAD

*1. Sternocleidomastoid

O = Sternum and clavicle

I = Mastoid process of temporal bone

A = If both sides contract, it flexes the neck; if one side contracts, it rotates the head towards the opposite side

 

2. Splenius capitis

O = Ligamentum nuchae and spines of C7-T4 vertebrae

I = Occipital bone and mastoid process of temporal bone

A = Both sides extend head; one side rotates head to the same side as the contracting muscle

 

MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE SHOULDER

1. Serratus anterior

O = First 9 ribs

I = Vertebral border of scapula, ventral side

A = Abducts scapula: https://anatomy.mheducation.com/html/apr.html?animal=human&id=8688

 

2. Pectoralis minor

O = Ribs 3-5

I = Coracoid process of scapula

A = Depresses scapula; protracts scapula

 

3. Rhomboideus (major & minor)

O = Spines of C7-T5 vertebrae

I = Vertebral border of scapula

A = Adducts scapula: https://anatomy.mheducation.com/html/apr.html?animal=human&id=8686

 

*4. Trapezius

O = Occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, spines of C7-T12

I = Clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula

A = Elevates (upper portion) or depresses (lower portion) scapula; adducts scapula, extends head: https://anatomy.mheducation.com/html/apr.html?animal=human&id=8693

 

MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE ARM

*1. Pectoralis major

O = Clavicle, sternum, costal cartilages of ribs 2-6

I = Greater tubercle of humerus

A = Flexes, adducts, and medially rotates arm: https://anatomy.mheducation.com/html/apr.html?animal=human&id=8684

 

*2. Latissimus dorsi

O = Spinous processes of T7 through all lumbar through sacrum, posterior iliac crest, lumbodorsal fascia

I = Intertubercular groove of humerus

A = Extends, adducts and medially rotates arm: https://anatomy.mheducation.com/html/apr.html?animal=human&id=8682

 

*3. Deltoid

O = Clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula

I = Deltoid tuberosity of humerus

A = Abducts arm: https://anatomy.mheducation.com/html/apr.html?animal=human&id=3

 

*4. Supraspinatus

O = Supraspinous fossa

I = Greater tubercle of humerus

A = Abducts arm: https://anatomy.mheducation.com/html/apr.html?animal=human&id=8690

 

*5. Infraspinatus

O = Infraspinous fossa

I = Greater tubercle of humerus

A = Rotates arm laterally: https://anatomy.mheducation.com/html/apr.html?animal=human&id=8681

 

*6. Subscapularis

O = Subscapular fossa

I = Lesser tubercle of humerus

A = Rotates arm medially: https://anatomy.mheducation.com/html/apr.html?animal=human&id=8689

 

7. Teres major

O = Inferior angle of scapula

I = Intertubercular groove of humerus

A = Medial rotates and adducts arm: https://anatomy.mheducation.com/html/apr.html?animal=human&id=8692

 

8. Teres minor

O = Lateral (axillary) border of scapula

I = Greater tubercle of humerus

A = Rotates arm laterally

 

MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE FOREARM

*1. Biceps brachii

O = Above the glenoid fossa; coracoid process of scapula

I = Radial tuberosity

A = Flexes forearm (elbow) and supinates forearm: https://anatomy.mheducation.com/html/apr.html?animal=human&id=4

 

2. Brachialis

O = Anterior surface of humerus

I = Coronoid process of ulna

A = Flexes forearm: https://anatomy.mheducation.com/html/apr.html?animal=human&id=8671

*3. Triceps brachii

O = Long head-below glenoid fossa; Lateral head-lateral and posterior shaft of humerus proximally; Medial head- posterior surface of humerus distally

I = Olecranon process of ulna

A = Extends forearm (elbow): https://anatomy.mheducation.com/html/apr.html?animal=human&id=8694

 

4. Supinator

O = Lateral epicondyle of humerus

I = Lateral surface of proximal radius

A = Supinates forearm

 

5. Pronator teres

O = Medial epicondyle of humerus; coronoid process of ulna

I = Middle of the lateral surface of radius

A = Pronates forearm

 

6. Pronator quadratus

O = Distal ulna (anterior)

I = Distal radius (anterior)

A = Pronates forearm

 

MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE WRIST AND FINGERS

*1. Flexor carpi radialis

O = Medial epicondyle of humerus

I = Ventral surface of metacarpals II, III

A = Flexes and abducts palm

 

2. Flexor carpi ulnaris

O = Medial epicondyle of humerus; upper dorsal border of ulna

I = Base of metacarpal III-V

A = Flexes and adducts palm

 

3. Palmaris longus

O = Medial epicondyle of humerus

I = Palmar aponeurosis

A = Flexes palm

 

4. Flexor digitorum superficialis

O = Medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process of ulna, anterior surface of radius

I = Ventral surface of middle phalanges 2-5

A = Flexes phalanges: https://anatomy.mheducation.com/html/apr.html?animal=human&id=8676

 

5. Flexor digitorum profundus

O = Anterior medial surface of ulna

I = Ventral surface of distal phalanges 2-5

A = Flexes phalanges: https://anatomy.mheducation.com/html/apr.html?animal=human&id=8676

 

6. Extensor carpi radialis (longus)

O = Lateral epicondyle of humerus

I = Dorsal surface of metacarpal II

A = Extends and abduct palm

 

7. Extensor carpi ulnaris

O = Lateral epicondyle of humerus

I = Metacarpal V

A = Extends and adducts palm

 

*8. Extensor digitorum

O = Lateral epicondyle of humerus

I = Dorsal surface of phalanges

A = Extends phalanges and palm: https://anatomy.mheducation.com/html/apr.html?animal=human&id=8673

 

MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE THIGH

*1. Gluteus maximus

O = Iliac crest, sacrum, coccyx

I = Gluteal tuberosity of femur

A = Extends thigh (hip joint) and laterally rotates thigh: https://anatomy.mheducation.com/html/apr.html?animal=human&id=8677

 

2. Gluteus medius

O = Ilium

I = Greater trochanter of femur

A = Abducts and medially rotates thigh: https://anatomy.mheducation.com/html/apr.html?animal=human&id=8678

 

3. Gluteus minimus

O = Ilium

I = Greater trochanter of femur

A = Abducts and medially rotates thigh

 

4. Tensor fasciae latae

O = Iliac crest (anterior part)

I = Lateral fascia of tibia

A = Tenses lateral fascia, flexes thigh (hip) and abducts thigh

 

*5. Adductor longus

O = Pubis

I = Linea aspera of femur

A = Adducts thigh

 

6. Adductor magnus

O = Pubis and ischium

I = Linea aspera of femur

A = Adducts thigh: https://anatomy.mheducation.com/html/apr.html?animal=human&id=8668

 

7. Adductor brevis {Note: Adductor magnus & brevis are collectively called Adductor femoris in mink.}

O = Pubis

I = Linea aspera of femur

A = Adducts thigh

 

MUSCLES THAT ACT ON THE LEG

*1. Quadriceps femoris:

https://anatomy.mheducation.com/html/apr.html?animal=human&id=2

*Rectus femoris

O = Anterior inferior iliac spine

I = Tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament

A = Extends leg (knee), flexes thigh (hip)

 

*Vastus lateralis

O = Greater trochanter and lateral to linea aspera of femur

I = Tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament

A = Extends leg

 

*Vastus medialis

O = Medial to linea aspera of femur

I = Tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament

A = Extends leg

 

*Vastus intermedius

O = Anterior surface of femur

I = Tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament

A = Extends leg

 

*2. Hamstrings:

https://anatomy.mheducation.com/html/apr.html?animal=human&id=8679

*Biceps femoris

O = Ischial tuberosity and linea aspera

I = Lateral condyle of tibia and head of fibula

A = Flexes leg (knee), extends thigh (hip)

 

*Semitendinosus

O = Ischial tuberosity

I = Medial surface of proximal tibia

A = Flexes leg and extends thigh

 

*Semimembranosus

O = Ischial tuberosity

I = Medial condyle of tibia

A = Flexes leg and extends thigh

 

3. Gracilis

O = Pubis

I = Medial surface of tibia below condyle

A = Flexes leg and adducts thigh

 

4. Sartorius

O = Anterior superior iliac spine

I = Medial surface of proximal tibia

A = Flex thigh and leg, rotate thigh laterally: https://anatomy.mheducation.com/html/apr.html?animal=human&id=8687

 

MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE FOOT AND TOES

1. Tibialis anterior

O = Lateral condyle and body of tibia

I = Metatarsal I

A = Dorsiflex foot

 

*2. Extensor digitorum longus

O = Lateral condyle of tibia, anterior surface of fibula

I = Dorsal surfaces of phalanges 2-5

A = Extends toes, dorsiflexes foot

 

3. Peroneus longus = Fibularis longus

O = Lateral condyle of tibia, head of fibula

I = Ventral surface of metatarsal I

A = Plantar flexes and everts foot: https://anatomy.mheducation.com/html/apr.html?animal=human&id=8675

 

*4. Gastrocnemius

O = Above lateral and medial condyles of femur

I = Calcaneus by way of Achilles tendon

A = Plantar flexes foot and flexes leg at knee: https://anatomy.mheducation.com/html/apr.html?animal=human&id=1

 

5. Soleus

O = Posteromedial tibia; Head of fibula

I = Calcaneus by way of Achilles tendon

A = Plantar flexes foot

 

*6. Flexor digitorum longus

O = Posterior surface of tibia

I = Distal phalanges 2-5

A = Flexes toes and plantar flexes foot

 

MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL

*1. External abdominal oblique

O = Lower 8 ribs

I = Linea alba and iliac crest

A = Compresses abdomen; flexes or bends spine; depresses ribs: https://anatomy.mheducation.com/html/apr.html?animal=human&id=8674

 

2. Internal abdominal oblique

O = Iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia

I = Linea alba and lower ribs

A = Compresses abdomen, flexes or bends spine; depresses ribs: https://anatomy.mheducation.com/html/apr.html?animal=human&id=8674

 

3. Transversus abdominis

O = Iliac crest, lumbar fascia and costal cartilage of lower ribs

I = Linea alba and pubis

A = Compresses abdomen

 

*4. Rectus abdominis

O = Xiphoid process and costal cartilages of ribs 5-7

I = Symphysis pubis

A = Compresses abdomen, flexes vertebral column, and depresses ribs: https://anatomy.mheducation.com/html/apr.html?animal=human&id=12

 

MUSCLES USED IN BREATHING

1. Diaphragm

O = Xiphoid process, costal cartilages of ribs 4-10 and lumbar vertebrae

I = Central tendon of diaphragm

A = Increases size of thoracic cavity for breathing

 

*2. External intercostals

O = One rib

I = Next rib

A = Breathing [elevates ribs]

 

*3. Internal intercostals

O = One rib

I = Next rib

A = Breathing [depresses ribs]

 

MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN

1. Erector spinae

Iliocostalis (most lateral)

O = Iliac crest and ribs

I = Ribs

A = Extends the vertebral column and bends it laterally

 

Longissimus (intermediate)

O = Transverse processes of lumbar, thoracic and lower cervical vertebrae

I = Transverse processes of the vertebrae above the vertebra of origin, plus the mastoid process of the temporal bone

A = Extends vertebral column

 

Spinalis (medial)

O = Spinous process of lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae

I = Spinous process of upper thoracic vertebrae

A = Extends the vertebral column