I. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
A. Definitions
1. Upper vs lower
Upper is pathway taking air to lungs, lower is lung and its contents
2. External vs internal vs cellular
External is between lungs/blood, internal is between blood/cells, cellular is utilization of oxygen by cells
B. Organs
1. Nose and nasal cavity
a. External nares = Nostrils
b. Nasal septum
1. Vomer
2. Perpendicular plate – ethmoid
3. Cartilage
c. Boundaries
1. Lateral & Superior
-Ethmoid
-Maxillae
-Nasal
-Frontal
-Sphenoid
2. Floor
-Hard palate (palatine process, palatine
bones)
d. Internal nares
Posterior boundary of nasal cavity
e. Paranasal sinuses
Cavities in skull bones that communicate with nasal cavity – frontal, maxillary, ethmoidal, sphenoidal
f. Superior, middle, inferior meatuses (grooves)
& Conchae (shelves-extend from lateral walls)
g. Function
1. Warm, filter, moisten air
2. Smell
3. Mucus
4. Resonate sound
2. Pharynx[common to GI & resp]
a. Nasopharynx(internal nares-soft palate)
1. Eustachian tubes = Auditory tubes
Connect nasopharynx with middle ear
2. 1 tonsil (adenoid)
b. Oropharynx(soft palate-hyoid)
1. 2 pairs of tonsils (palatine, lingual)
2. Uvula
Flap dangling from soft palate, lymphatic function
c. Laryngopharynx(hyoid-larynx)
3. Larynx
a. Cartilages
1. Thyroid
2. Epiglottis
3. Cricoid
4. 2 Arytenoid
5. 2 Corniculate
6. 2 Cuneiform
b. Mucous membranes
1. Ventricular = Vestibular folds (false-upper)
2. Vocal folds (true-lower)
3. Glottis
Actual opening in larynx
4. Voice
Vibration of vocal folds, resonating chambers, muscles for enunciation
4. Trachea
a. Carina
Inferior end of trachea
5. Bronchi
– Bronchial tree
a. Primary bronchi
Enter lungs, cartilaginous rings
b. Secondary
Enter lung lobes, less cartilage
c. Tertiary
Branch within lobes
d. Bronchioles
No cartilage in walls, replaced by smooth muscle
e. Terminal bronchioles
Last airway leading to air sacs called alveoli
6. Lungs
a. Membranes
1. Parietal pleura
Shiny lining of thoracic cavity
2. Visceral pleura
Shiny lung covering
3. Pleural cavity
b. Gross anatomy
1. Apex
Superior
2. Base
Inferior
3. Costal surface
Towards rib
4. Mediastinal surface –Mediastinum-Medial
5. Hilus
Area where bronchi, blood vessels enter/exit lung
6. Lobes (L-2; R-3)
c. Microstructure
1. Alveolus/Alveoli
About 300 million total for great surface area
2. Alveolar-capillary membrane
Thin! Diffusion!