VIII. ARTICULATIONS
A. Definition & Examples
Joints
B. Functional classification
1. Synarthroses
Not moveable
2. Amphiarthroses
Slightly moveable
3. Diarthroses
Freely moveable
C. Structural Classification
1. Fibrous
Fibrous connective tissue
a. Suture (synarthrotic)
Cranial bones
b. Syndesmosis (amphiarthrotic)
Radius-Ulna; Tibia-Fibula
c. Gomphosis (synarthrotic)
Periodontal ligament to alveolus
2. Cartilaginous
a. Synchondrosis (can be temporary, synarthrotic)
Epiphyseal plate, sternocostal at rib 1
b. Symphysis (amphiarthrotic)
Symphysis pubis, Intervertebral discs
3. Synovial(diarthrotic)
a. Joint/synovial cavity
b. Articular cartilage
c. Articular capsule
-Synovial membrane
-Synovial fluid
-Outer fibrous layer
d. Ligaments
e. Accessory ligaments [cruciate]
f. Menisci [stability]
g. Bursae [cushion]
D. Angular movements
1. Flexion, dorsiflexion
2. Extension, hyperextension, plantar flexion
3. Abduction, adduction
4. Rotation [medial, lateral]
5. Circumduction
6. Inversion, eversion
7. Elevation, depression
8. Protraction, retraction
9. Supination, pronation
E. Synovial joints based on articular shapes
1. Gliding
Side to side; back & forth
Acromioclavicular, between adjacent vertebral articular processes, intercarpal, intertarsal
2. Hinge
Flexion, extension
Elbow, ankle
3. Pivot
Rotation
Atlas-axis, proximal radioulnar
4. Ellipsoidal
Flex, extend, abduct, adduct, some circumduction
Atlanto-occipital, Radiocarpal; Metacarpophalangeal; metatarsophalangeal
5. Saddle
Same as ellipsoidal but freer
Carpometacarpal of pollex
6. Ball & Socket
Rotate, flex, extend, circumduct
Shoulder, hip