Lab Objectives BIO 3220 Fall 2024

Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy Laboratory Schedule and Objectives

Lab Objectives for Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy Fall 2024 in Hybrid Format; Mondays on Campus & Online Lab

Instructor:  Dr. C. Hays, Office:  Science 2032

REQUIRED: Comparative Anatomy Manual, of Vertebrate Dissection, 3rd Edition, Fishbeck & Sebastiani, Morton Publishing Company, 2015. ISBN for used copy is 978-1-61731-042-3, or; ISBN to purchase e-text through https://tophat.com/catalog/. is 9781640435254 for about $75. (bring lab manual to lab each week)

OPTIONAL:

  1. Free Resource: Swislosky, E. &Roosa, K. (2017). Atlas of Comparative Anatomy. Lumen Learning. https://louis.oercommons.org/courses/atlas-of-comparative-vertebrate-anatomy/view
  2. Dissection Techniques in Anatomy

Shark

Necturus

Cat

Dissection Tools:

Required:  Tools include a scalpel with replaceable blades, a blunt probe, and small scissors;  Not required, but strongly recommended, is a lab coat or an old shirt to protect      your clothing. Respirators with filters and eye goggles are available upon request.

Familiarize yourself with the safety rules for lab and dissection protocols.

If you have any health concerns, please notify your instructor immediately.

Grading Rubric for ALL Laboratory Assignments for a total of 28 points possible per Lab Assignment.

 

Criterion for Each of the 3 Assignments Full number of Points Mid-level Points, if applicable Zero Points
Cover Page

2 points possible

 Includes name of course and assignment (E.g. Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy Lab Assignment 1, Date, Student Name.) Includes some, but not all of the required information Not included
Table of Contents is Included.

2 points possible

 Comprehensive, in order of pages that follow and lab objectives, and accurate.  Page numbers included. Present but unorganized Not included or inaccurate
Pages are Numbered

2 points possible

 All pages are numbered and correspond correctly to Table of Contents Most pages are numbered or mostly corresponds to Table of Contents No page numbering or no matching to Table of Contents
Resource List in APA format

2 points possible

 2 References are included and in correct format 1 Reference listed, or references are incorrectly listed No references are included
Overall Assignment Format and Neatness

10 points possible

 Only 1 document is uploaded to Canvas with drawings in same order as Lab Objectives species and structures.  Entire assignment is neat and well-organized. Directions are followed and a high degree of effort is exhibited. Some, but not all, of the assignment directions are followed. Some of document is well-organized and neat.  Parts of the assignment appear rushed. A moderate amount of effort is apparent. Directions are not followed. Lack of neatness or detail prevent the reader from interpreting the drawings. Drawings or labels are unreadable. Little effort on the project is evident.
Illustrations indicate species, view, and anatomy category

10 points possible

 These details are in each illustration.  For example: 1.Bony Fish Skeleton, Lateral View; 2.Necturus Skeleton-Left Pectoral Girdle and Appendage, Anterior View; 3. Shark Brain, Inferior View. Some of the required details are missing in some illustrations. No labeling of species, view or anatomy category indicated in the illustrations.

 

Grading Rubric for Requested Information from Laboratory Assignments IF Stated in Laboratory Objectives

 

Criterion Full number of Points Mid-level Points, if applicable Zero Points
Structure Labeling& Coloring

1 point per structure possible

 Labels are accurate and readable AND color is used as requested. Coloring is neat and complete to include all of the structure. Label is inaccurate or unreadable OR color is not used as requested or is not complete or makes the drawing unreadable.
Individual Illustration Neatness

1 point per illustration possible

 Care is taken to submit clear and complete illustrations.   Illustration is not complete OR appears rushed and sloppy.
Directional Terms if Required

1 point possible per illustration

 Directional pairs of terms with arrows (e.g. cranial& caudal, proximal& distal, right& left, anterior& posterior) are correct and neat. Directional term pairs are not included or incorrect or too sloppy to be readable.
Objective Questions, if Required

Total points vary

 Answers are correct and readable. Part of the answer is correct, and part is not. Incorrect or missing answers, or unreadable.

In Person Lab Attendance Points: You will receive points for attendance for the in-person Monday labs provided that you are not more than 20 minutes late.  It is your responsibility to make sure your name is on the attendance sheet.  Points will be distributed as follows:

Attending 13-14 labs: 140 points

Attending 11-12 labs: 120 points

Attending 9-10 labs: 100 points

Attending 7-8 labs: 80 points

Attending 5-6 labs: 60 points

Attending 3-4 labs: 40 points

Attending 1-2 labs: 20 points

Attending no labs: 0 points

Week 1 – AUGUST 19 – In Person: Welcome and Introduction

Science Room 2085

 Recognize and apply the following anatomical directional terms, planes, and illustration views to fish and quadrupeds.

Directional Terms: Cranial/Caudal, (Note: Superior/Inferior is a human term) Rostral/Caudal (can be used interchangeably with cranial/caudal), Anterior/Posterior (different meaning than in humans), Ventral/Dorsal, Proximal/Distal, Medial/Lateral, Right/Left, Superficial/Deep.

Planes or Sections: Median = Mid-Sagittal Plane, Transverse = Cross Plane, Frontal=Coronal=Dorsal Plane.

Views for illustrations and photos: (This is where the camera is pointing.) Left/Right Lateral or Medial View, Anterior/Posterior View, Cranial/Caudal View, Ventral/Dorsal View.

THE PROCHORDATE, THE LAMPREY, INTEGUMENT

 Week 1 – AUGUST 19-25 – Virtual Lab: THE PROCHORDATE, THE LAMPREY, INTEGUMENT

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES:

 Chapter 14

*1 point 1. What is the name of the larval form of the lamprey eel? 

View this example of labeling and coloring before you start on your own illustrations

Sample Laboratory Objectives

Completed Sample Laboratory Assignment for BIO 3220

(Note:  Some of the illustrations I scanned and then inserted into the document and some of them I took cell phone pictures and sent to my computer via email and then inserted them into the document, just to illustrate that both methods work.  I also cut out some of the pictures and taped them to a separate page in order to include all labels neatly. Note that illustrations are in order of the Laboratory objectives sections (eg. shark before Necturus; or muscles before digestion and respiratory). Each illustration has a legend that is in alphabetic order according to the letters present on the illustrations. Whenever there are synonyms indicated with equal signs below, you only need to include one of the terms in your assignment.)

Introduction: Read this chapter and review anatomical terminology on p.5.

 Chapter 3: Read this chapter and Identify, Label, and Color the following on Amphioxus using the larvae illustration found on Canvas:

*8 points possible.  1 point for correct identification of each structure and for coloring all portions of each structure.  1 point for figure being labeled (e.g. left lateral view of amphioxus) and 1 points for a pair of directional terms. 1 point for overall neatness of submission.

1) Myomeres, 2) Notochord, 3) Nerve cord, 4) Pharynx with Pharyngeal slits, 5) Anus.

Chapter 14: Read this chapter and Identify, Label, and Color the following on a whole Lamprey Eel using the eel labeling illustration found on Canvas:

*9 points possible. 1 point for correct identification of each structure and for coloring all portions of each structure.  1 point for figure being labeled (e.g. left lateral view of amphioxus) and 1 point for a pair of directional terms. 1 point for overall neatness of submission.

1) Mouth (Buccal funnel), 2) Eye, 3) Dorsal fin, 4) Cloaca (or anus), 5) External gill slits, 6) Caudal fin.

Identify, Label, and Color the following on Ammocoetes larva using the larvae illustration found on Canvas:

*16 points possible. 1 point for correct identification of each structure and for coloring all portions of each structure.  1 point for figure being labeled (e.g. left lateral view of amphioxus) and 1 point for a  pair of directional terms. 1 point for overall neatness of submission.

1) Oral hood (with tentacles or lobes), 2) Gill pouch,  3) Intestine, 4) Anus, 5) Liver, 6) Gall bladder, 7) Heart, 8) Brain, 9) Spinal cord, 10) Eye, 11) Notochord, 12) Dorsal fin, 13) Caudal fin.

Identify, Label, and Color the following on a cross section through the pharynx of Ammocoetes using the eel labeling illustration found on Canvas:

*7 points possible. 1 point for correct identification of each structure and for coloring all portions of each structure.  1 point for figure being labeled (e.g. left lateral view of amphioxus) and 1 point for a pair of directional terms. 1 point for overall neatness of submission.

1) Myomeres, 2) External gill slit, 3) Notochord, 4) Spinal cord.

Chapter 4: Read this chapter. Also see figures 4.2, 15.11, 15.12, 15.13, 24.6.

Sketch a simple picture of each of these types of scales: 

 *8 points possible. 2 points each for correct representation of shape of each labeled scale. (for each scale: 1 point shape, 1 point correct labeling).

1)Placoid, 2) Ganoid, 3) Ctenoid and 4) Cycloid scales.

Identify, Label, and Color the four labeled portions of mammalian skin using the skin labeling illustration found on Canvas:

Also see figures 52.2, 52.3, 52.4.

*7 points possible. 1 point for correct identification of each structure and for coloring all portions of each structure.  1 point for figure being labeled (e.g. left lateral view of amphioxus) and 1 point for 1 pair of directional terms. 1 point for overall neatness of submission.

1) Epidermis, 2) Dermis, 3) Hair root, 4) Hair shaft.

 THE SKELETON

 SKULL

Week 2 – AUGUST 26 – In Person Lab: THE CAT SKULL

Observe the following on a cat skull (Chapter 53):

DERMATOCRANIUM and NEUROCRANIUM:

Premaxilla, Maxilla, Palatine process of the maxilla, Palatine, Lacrimal, Ethmoid, Vomer, Frontal, Orbit, Zygomatic (= Malar =Jugal), Zygomatic arch, Parietal, Occipital, Basioccipital, Occipital condyle, Foramen magnum, Basisphenoid, Alisphenoid, Pterygoid process, Presphenoid, Temporal, Tympanic ( = Auditory) bulla, External auditory meatus, Nasal cavity with turbinates (=conchae), Nasal, Optic foramen, Orbital fissure, Foramen rotundum, Foramen ovale, Sphenopalatine foramen, Anterior palatine foramen, Infraorbital foramen, Jugular foramen, Nasolacrimal canal, Mandible, Dentary bones, Condyloid process, Mandibular body, Mandibular ramus, Mental foramina, Coronoid process, Angular process, Mandibular foramen, Incisors, Canine tooth, Premolars, Molar.

SPLANCHNOCRANIUM:

Observe the hyoid bone of the cat.

Week 2 – AUGUST 26-SEPTEMBER 1 – Virtual Lab: THE FISH SKULLS

 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES:

Chapter 5, 16, 24, 26, 35, 44, 53

*1 point 2. Define foramen.

Chapter 16: Read this chapter and Identify, Label, and Color the following structures on Squalus head skeleton using the “Squalus chondro- labeling” and “Squalus splanchno- labeling” illustrations:

CHONDROCRANIUM (Neurocranium):

*22 points possible. 1 point for correct identification of each structure and for coloring all portions of each structure.  1 point per picture for a total of 4 points for a pair of directional terms not already listed in the illustration. 1 point per picture for a total of 4 points for overall neatness of submission.

1)Rostrum, 2) Nasal or Olfactory capsule, 3) Preorbital process, 4) Postorbital process, 5) Precerebral cavity, 6)Rostral fenestrae, 7)Epiphyseal foramen, 8)Superficial ophthalmic foramina, 9)Foramen magnum, 10)Vagus foramen, 11)Glossopharyngeal foramen, 12)Basitrabecular process, 13)Optic foramen, 14)Basal plate.

SPLANCHNOCRANIUM (Visceral Skeleton):

*18 points possible. 1 point for correct identification of each structure and for coloring all portions of each structure.  1 point per picture for a total of 2 points for a pair of directional terms not already listed in the illustration. 1 point per picture for overall neatness of submission.

1)Seven visceral arches, 2)Five branchial arches, 3)Pharyngobranchial, 4)Epibranchial, 5)Ceratobranchial, 6)Hypobranchial, 7)Basibranchial, 8)Mandibular arch, 9)Palatoquadrate cartilage, 10)Meckel’s = Mandibular Cartilage, 11)Hyoid arch, 12)Hyomandibular cartilage, 13)Ceratohyal, 14)Basihyal.

Use handouts provided under Canvas Discussions, and Chapter 24: Read these items and Identify, Label, and Color the following on an Amia skull (or other bony fish)  using the bird/turtle illustration:

*5 points possible. 1 point for correct identification of each structure and for coloring all portions of each structure.  1 point for a pair of directional terms not already listed in the illustration. 1 point for overall neatness of submission.

DERMATOCRANIUM:

1)Orbit, 2)Maxilla. These are the same in Amia as in the Perch on page 203.

SPLANCHNOCRANIUM:

3)Quadrate.  Use the Amia handout for these.

Week 3 – SEPTEMBER 2 – No Lab: LABOR DAY

Week 3 – SEPTEMBER 3-8 – Virtual Lab: NECTURUS & CHELYDRA SKULLS

Chapter 26: Read this chapter and Identify, Label, and Color the following on a Necturus skull (Chapter 26) using the Necturus skull labeling illustrations:

NEUROCRANIUM and DERMATOCRANIUM and SPLANCHNOCRANIUM:

*18 points possible. 1 point for correct identification of each structure and for coloring all portions of each structure.  1 point per picture for a total of 3 points for a pair of directional terms not already listed in the illustration. 1 point per picture for overall neatness of submission.

1)Ethmoid plate, 2)Quadrate, 3)Exoccipital bone with its Occipital condyle, 4)Premaxilla, 5)Frontal, 6)Parietal, 7)Squamosal, 8)Parasphenoid, 9)Vomer, 10)Dentary, 11)Angular, 12)Splenial.

Use handouts provided in Canvas: Read these items and Identify, Label, and Color the following on an Chelydra skull using the bird/turtle illustration:

*9 points possible. 1 point for correct identification of each structure and for coloring all portions of each structure.  1 point for a pair of directional terms not already listed in the illustration. 1 point for overall neatness of submission.

DERMATOCRANIUM:

1)Orbits, 2)Premaxilla, 3)Maxilla, 4)Frontal, 5)Parietal, 6)Squamosal.

NEUROCRANIUM:

7)Supraoccipital.

TRUNKS & APPENDICULAR SKELETON – GIRDLES and LIMBS

Week 4 – SEPTEMBER 9 – In Person Lab: CAT TRUNK

 Identify the following on the cat (Chapter 53):

Cervical vertebrae, Thoracic vertebrae, Lumbar vertebrae, Sacral vertebrae, Caudal vertebrae, Intervertebral discs, Vertebral body = Centrum, Neural canal = Vertebral canal, Lamina, Spinous process, Pedicle, Transverse Process (=Diapophysis in thoracic region), Cranial zygapophyses = Prezygapophyses, Caudal zygapophyses = Postzygapophyses, Atlas, Transverse foramen, Axis, Dens = Odontoid process, Pleurapophysis, Mammillary process, Sacrum, Sternum (8 sternebrae), Rib: Head = Capitulum, Tuberculum, Neck, Body.

Week 4 – SEPTEMBER 9-15 – Virtual Lab: SQUALUS, NECTURUS & PIGEON TRUNKS and APPENDICULAR SKELETONS

TRUNK SKELETON

Chapter 16 (specifically Figure 16.13): Read this Chapter and Identify, Label, and Color a cross section of a Squalus tail using the Squalus fins illustration.

*3 points possible. 1 point for correct identification of each structure and for coloring all portions of each structure.  1 point for overall neatness of submission.

1)Notochord remnant in centrum, 2)Caudal Blood Vessels in the Hemal arch.

Chapter 26:  Read this Chapter and Identify, Label, and Color a Necturus trunk vertebra using the Necturus skull illustration. (Chapter 26):

*9 points possible. 1 point for correct identification of each structure and for coloring all portions of each structure.  1 point for 1 pair of directional terms for the illustration. 1 point for overall neatness of submission.

1)Transverse processes, 2)Vertebral canal, 3)Neural spine, 4)Cranial zygapophyses = Prezygapophyses, 5)Caudal zygapophyses = Postzygapophyses, 6)Vertebral body = Centrum, 7)Ribs.

Chapter 44:  Read this Chapter and Identify, Label, and Color the following bird trunk features using the bird/turtle illustration: 

*6 points possible. 1 point for correct identification of each structure.  1 point for coloring all portions of each structure.  1 point for a pair of directional terms for the illustration. 1 point for overall neatness of submission.

1)Cervical vertebrae, 2)Ribs, 3)Uncinate processes, 4)Pygostyle.

APPENDICULAR SKELETON – GIRDLES and LIMBS

 Chapter 16:  Read this Chapter and Identify, Label, and Color the following on the Squalus fin illustration:

*15 points possible. 1 point for correct identification of each structure and for coloring all portions of each structure.  1 point for a pair of directional terms for each of the two fin illustrations. 1 point for overall neatness of submission for each of the two fin illustrations.

Pectoral Girdle & Fin [include 1)pectoral girdle and fin in your labeling]: 2)Coracoid bar, 3)Scapular cartilage, 4)Suprascapular cartilage, 5)Basal Pterygiophores, 6)Radial Pterygiophores, 7)Ceratotrichia-Cartilaginous fish (or Lepidotrichia-Bony fish).

Pelvic Girdle & Fin [include 8)pelvic girdle and fin in your labeling]: 9)Puboischiadic bar, 10)Radial pterygiophores, 11)Ceratotrichia-Cartilaginous fish (or Lepidotrichia-Bony fish).

 Chapter 26:  Read this Chapter and Identify, Label, and Color the following appendicular structures on the Necturus skull illustration:

*22 points possible. 1 point for correct identification of each structure and for coloring all portions of each structure.  1 point for a pair of directional terms for each of the two illustrations. 1 point for overall neatness of submission for each of the two illustrations.

Pectoral Girdle & Appendage [include 1)pectoral girdle and appendage in your labeling]:2)Scapula, 3)Humerus, 4)Radius, 5)Ulna, 6)Carpals, 7)Metacarpals, 8)Phalanges.

Pelvic Girdle & Appendage [include 9)pelvic girdle and appendage in your labeling]: 10)Ilium, 11)Pubis, 12)Ischium, 13)Femur, 14)Tibia, 15)Fibula, 16)Tarsals, 17)Metatarsals, 18)Phalanges.

 Chapter 44:  Read this Chapter and Identify, Label, and Color the following on bird skeletons using the bird/turtle labeling illustration:

*13 points possible. 1 point for correct identification of each structure and for coloring all portions of each structure.  1 point for overall neatness of submission.

Pectoral Girdle and Appendage: 1)Procoracoid = Anterior coracoid, 2)Clavicle, 3)Sternum, 4)Humerus, 5)Ulna,  6)Carpometacarpus, 7)Digit II (note, the most proximal is I and the longest is II).

Pelvic Girdle and Appendage: 8)Pubis, 9)Femur, 10)Tibiotarsus, 11)Tarsometatarsus, 12)Digit I.

Week 5 – SEPTEMBER 16 – In Person Lab: CAT APPENDICULAR SKELETON and ONLINE CAT SKELETON LAB TEST due SEPTEMBER 22

Identify the following on cat skeletons (Chapter 53):

Pectoral Girdle and Appendage: Scapula: Glenoid fossa, Coracoid process, Scapular spine, Infraspinous fossa, Supraspinous fossa, Acromion process, Metacromion, Subscapular fossa. Clavicle. Humerus: Head, Lesser tuberosity (= tubercle), Greater tuberosity (= tubercle), Bicipital groove, Condyles -> Trochlea and Capitulum, Medial and lateral epicondyles, Supracondyloid foramen, Olecranon fossa. Radius: Head, Radial = Bicipital tuberosity, Styloid process. Ulna: Olecranon, Semilunar notch, Coronoid process, Radial notch, Styloid process. Carpal bones. Metacarpals. Phalanges: Claws.

Pelvic Girdle and Appendage: Os coxae = Innominate bones: Ilium, Crest of ilium, Ischium, Tuberosity of ischium, Pubis, Acetabulum, Obturator foramen. Femur: Head, Greater trochanter, Lesser trochanter, Trochanteric fossa, Linea aspera, Lateral and Medial condyles, Intercondyloid fossa, Lateral and Medial epicondyles. Patella. Tibia: Condyles, Tibial Tuberosity, Tibial crest, Medial malleolus. Fibula: Head, Lateral malleolus. Tarsal bones: Talus, Calcaneus. Metatarsals. Phalanges: Claw.

Week 5 – SEPTEMBER 16-22 CAT SKELETON  EXAM to be taken ONLINE, ON CANVAS, by SEPTEMBER 22 at 11:59 PM

There is a practice lab test under “quizzes” or “assignments” if you wish to check out the format before taking the real lab test.

Week 5 – SEPTEMBER 16-22 – Virtual Lab: Use this time to review & assemble your first assignment by SEPTEMBER 22 at 11:59 PM from all Virtual Labs from Weeks 1-4: Larvae through the Skeleton and Answers to Selected Chapter Objectives. (225 total points: 195 points drawings + 2 points answer to objectives, + 28 points per overall assignment rubric.)

MUSCLES

Week 6 – SEPTEMBER 23 – In Person Lab: CAT MUSCLES

 You will have 3 in-person labs to complete this list of cat muscles.

 Dissect the cat as described and identify the following (Chapter 54):

Here are a couple of websites with nice photographs of cat muscles:

Cat 1

Cat 2

CUTANEOUS MUSCLES: Cutaneous maximus, Platysma.

SUPERFICIAL THORACIC MUSCLES: Pectoantebrachialis, Pectoralis major, Pectoralis minor, Xiphihumeralis.

ABDOMINAL MUSCLES: External oblique, Internal oblique, Transversus abdominis, Rectus abdominis, Linea alba.

DEEP THORACIC MUSCLES: Serratus ventralis, External intercostal, Internal intercostal.

SUPERFICIAL BACK MUSCLES: Clavotrapezius, Clavobrachialis( =Clavodeltoid), Trapezius (Acromio-, Spino-portions), Latissimus dorsi.

NECK MUSCLES: Sternomastoid, Cleidomastoid, Sternohyoid, Sternothyroid, Thyrohyoid, Mylohyoid, Geniohyoid.

DEEP NECK & BACK MUSCLES: Rhomboideus capitis, Rhomboideus cervicis & thoracis, Splenius.

MUSCLES OF THE HEAD: Masseter, Temporalis, Digastric.

SHOULDER MUSCLES: Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres major, Levator Scapulae Ventralis, Acromiodeltoid, Spinodeltoid, Clavobrachialis ( =Clavodeltoid), Subscapularis.

PECTORAL LIMB MUSCLES: Epitrochlearis, Biceps brachii, Triceps brachii (Lateral, Long, Medial Heads), Brachialis, Brachioradialis, Extensor carpi radialis longus, Extensor carpi radialis brevis, Extensor digitorum communis, Extensor digitorum lateralis, Extensor carpi ulnaris, Flexor carpi ulnaris, Flexor digitorum superficialis ( = Palmaris longus), Flexor carpi radialis, Pronator teres, Flexor digitorum profundus (5 heads, don’t know the heads by name).

THIGH  MUSCLES: Sartorius, Gracilis, Biceps femoris, Caudofemoralis, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus, Adductor femoris, Adductor longus, Pectineus, Tensor fasciae latae, Quadriceps femoris — Vastus lateralis, Rectus femoris, Vastus medialis, Vastus intermedius.

SHANK MUSCLES: Tibialis cranialis (= anterior), Extensor digitorum longus, Peroneus group, Flexor digitorum longus, Flexor hallucis longus, Tibialis caudalis ( = posterior), Gastrocnemius, Plantaris, Soleus, Achilles tendon.

HIP MUSCLES: Gluteus maximus, Gluteus medius.

Week 6 – SEPTEMBER 23-29 – Virtual Lab: SHARK MUSCLES

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES:

Chapter 6, 17, 27, 54:

*9 points 1. Compare and contrast the three muscle tissue types. Include the name of the muscle tissue type, its appearance under the microscope, and its control in terms of voluntary/involuntary for each of the three types.

*3 points (1 point per definition)2. Define belly, origin, insertion.

*14 points (2 points per definition) 2. Describe the following muscle actions: Flex, Extend, Abduct, Adduct, Protract, Retract, Rotate.

*4 points 3. Describe the location of hypobranchial muscles in the shark. (2 points) What does “branch-” mean? (2 points)

*21 points (2 points per definition)4. Define the following roots or terms:  “brachio-“, “coraco-“, “cleido-“, “sterno”, “carpi”, “rectus”, “oblique”, “inter-“, “levator”, “capitis”, and “genio-“.

*7 points (1 point per muscle)5. Which muscles comprise the quadriceps muscles? Which muscles comprise the hamstring muscles?

Chapter 17:  Read this Chapter and Identify, Label, and Color the following muscles on Squalus as described in your lab manual using the shark labeling 1 and 2 illustrations:

*27 points possible. 1 point for correct identification of each structure and for coloring all portions of each structure.  1 point for 1 pair of directional terms for each of the 4 muscle  illustrations. 1 point for overall neatness of submission for each of the 4  illustrations.

AXIAL MUSCLES: 1)Myomeres, 2)Myosepta, 3)Linea alba, 4)Horizontal septum, 5)Epaxial musculature, 6)Hypaxial musculature.

APPENDICULAR MUSCLES: 7)Extensors (=abductors) and 8)Flexors (=adductors) of Appendicular Fins.

BRANCHIOMERIC MUSCLES: 9)Adductor mandibulae, 10)Intermandibularis, 11)Levator hyomandibulae, 12)Levator hyoideus,13) Interhyoideus,14)Cucullaris, 15)Dorsal and 16)Ventral superficial branchial constrictors of Visceral Arches III-VII.

HYPOBRANCHIAL MUSCLES: 17)Coracomandibularis, 18)Coracoarcual, 19)Coracohyoid.

Week 7 – SEPTEMBER 30 – In Person Lab: CAT MUSCLES

Continue dissection on the list of cat muscles listed under September 23.

Week 7 – SEPTEMBER 30 – OCTOBER 6 – Virtual Lab: NECTURUS MUSCLES

Chapter 27:  Read this Chapter and Identify, Label, and Color Necturus muscles as described in your lab manual using the Necturus lateral and dorsal/ventral muscle illustrations:

*38 points possible. 1 point for correct identification of each structure and for coloring all portions of each structure.  1 point for 1 pair of directional terms for each of the 3 muscle illustrations. 1 point for overall neatness of submission for each of the 3 illustrations.

AXIAL MUSCLES: 1)Myomeres, 2)Myosepta, 3)Linea alba, 4)Horizontal septum, 5)Epaxial musculature exemplified by Dorsalis trunci, 6)Hypaxial musculature exemplified by Rectus abdominis, 7)External oblique, 8)Internal oblique, 9)Transversus abdominis.

HEAD MUSCLES (Hypobranchial & Branchiomeric): 10)Adductor mandibulae anterior, 11)Adductor mandibulae externus, 12)Branchiohyoideus, 13)Intermandibularis, 14)Interhyoideus,  15)Geniohyoideus, 16)Rectus cervicis.

APPENDICULAR MUSCLES: 17)Procoracohumeralis, 18)Supracoracoideus, 19)Pectoralis,  20)Cucullaris,21) Scapular deltoid (Dorsalis scapulae), 22)Latissimus dorsi, 23)Triceps brachii, 24)Coracobrachialis, 25)Humeroantebrachialis, 26)Puboischiofemoralis externus, 27)Puboischiotibialis, 28)Puboischiofemoralis internus, 29)Pubotibialis, 30)Iliotibialis, 31)Ilioextensorius, 32)Iliofibularis.

Week 8 – OCTOBER 7 – In Person Lab: CAT MUSCLES

Continue dissection on the list of cat muscles listed under September 23.

DIGESTIVE & RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS

Week 8 – OCTOBER 7-13 – Virtual Lab: SQUALUS and NECTURUS DIGESTIVE  & RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES:

Chapters 8, 19, 29, 56

*4 points 1.  Define digestion. (2 points) What is the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion? (2 points)

*1 point. 2. What is the function of the pharynx? (choose one of the following answers)

  1. Respiratory function only
  2. Digestive function only
  3. Both Respiratory and Digestive functions

*2 points (1 point per structure) 3. Name two structures of the alimentary canal that exemplify the need of increased surface area.

*2 points (1 point per function) 4. Describe two functions of the liver.

*1 point 5. Name one reason why shark livers contain so much oil.

*1 point 6. Explain why the shark’s tongue is not a “true” tongue.

*2 points 7. Define sphincter.

*2 points 8. What is a spiracle?

*3 points (1 point each) 9. List the three parts of the mammalian small intestine.

*2 points 10. What is the function of the shark’s rectal gland?

*2 points 11.  Besides the obvious descriptive words, what is the difference between the hard palate and the soft palate?

*2 points 12. Can a vertebrate live on land without lungs? Explain your answer.

Chapter 19:  Read this Chapter and Identify, Label and Color the following on Squalus using the shark muscle 2 and shark digestive labeling illustrations:

*30 points possible. 1 point for correct identification of each structure and for coloring all portions of each structure.  1 point for 1 pair of directional terms for each of the 4 shark illustrations. 1 point for overall neatness of submission for each of the 4 shark illustrations.

1)Teeth, 2)Oral cavity, 3)Tongue, 4)Pharynx, 5)Esophagus with papillae, 6)Stomach, 7)Gastric rugae, 8)Pyloric region of stomach, 9)Valvular intestine, 10)Spiral valve, 11)Cloaca, 12)Rectal gland, 13)Liver, 14)Gall bladder, 15)Bile duct, 16)Pancreas, 17)Spleen, 18)Spiracle, 19)Internal gill slit, 20)Gill rakers, 21)Interbranchial septum, 22)Gill filaments ( = lamellae).

Chapter 29:  Read this Chapter and Identify, Label, and Color the following on Necturus using the Necturus digestive and lateral muscles labeling illustrations:

*20 points possible. 1 point for correct identification of each structure and for coloring all portions of each structure. 1 point for 1 pair of directional terms for each of the two illustrations. 1 point for overall neatness of submission for each of the 2 Necturus illustrations.

1)Oral cavity, 2)Teeth, 3)Tongue, 4)Pharynx, 5)Esophagus, 6)Stomach, 7)Pyloric sphincter, 8)Small intestine, 9)Large intestine, 10)Cloaca, 11)Liver, 12)Gall bladder, 13)Pancreas, 14)Spleen, 15)External gills, 16)Lung.

Week 9 – OCTOBER 14 – In Person Lab: CAT DIGESTIVE & RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS and ONLINE CAT Muscular/Digestive/Respiratory LAB TEST due OCTOBER 20

 Chapter 55: Dissect the cat and observe the following: Diaphragm, Pleural cavity, Parietal pleura, Visceral pleura, Mediastinum, Peritoneal cavity, Parietal peritoneum, Visceral peritoneum, Falciform ligament, Greater omentum, Lesser omentum, Mesentery.

 Chapter 56: Dissect the cat and observe the following: Parotid salivary gland, Parotid duct, Mandibular salivary gland, Sublingual salivary gland, Oral cavity, Tongue, Hard palate, Soft palate, Pharynx, Palatine tonsils, Esophagus, Stomach, Lesser curvature, Greater curvature, Fundus, Body, Pyloric region, Pylorus sphincter, Cardia, Gastric rugae, Small intestine (Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum), Cecum, Ascending colon, Transverse colon, Descending colon, Rectum, Anus, Liver, Gall bladder, Common bile duct, Pancreas, Spleen, External nares, Nasal cavity, Larynx, Glottis, Epiglottis, Thyroid cartilage, Arytenoid cartilages, Cricoid cartilage, Trachea, Primary bronchi, Lung.

Week 9 – OCTOBER 14-20 CAT MUSCLES, DIGESTION & RESPIRATORY EXAM to be taken ONLINE, ON CANVAS, by OCTOBER 20 at 11:59 PM

Week 9 – OCTOBER 14-20 – Virtual Lab: Use this time to review& assemble your second assignment over Virtual Labs from weeks 6-8 which includes Muscles, Respiratory and Digestive anatomy of the shark and mud puppy, plus answers to the selected chapter objectives. It is due by OCTOBER 20 11:59 PM (225 total points: 115 points drawings + 82 points answer to objectives, + 28 points per overall assignment rubric.)

CIRCULATION

Week 10 – OCTOBER 21 – In Person Lab: SHEEP HEART

Chapter 58: Dissect a sheep heart and identify the following:

SHEEP: Left and right atrium, Left and right ventricles, Auricles, Pulmonary trunk, Aorta, Ligamentum arteriosum, Pulmonary veins, Precava (= Anterior vena cava) , Postcava (= Posterior vena cava), Interatrial septum, Right atrioventricular valve = Tricuspid, Left atrioventricular valve = Bicuspid, Chordae tendineae, Papillary muscles, Interventricular septum, Aortic semilunar valve, Pulmonary semilunar valve, Moderator band, Myocardium.

Week 10 – OCTOBER 21-27 – Virtual Lab: SQUALUS HEART & BLOOD VESSELS

You will have 2 virtual labs to complete this list of shark heart structures and vessels.

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES:

Chapter 11, 21, 58

*3 points 1. List the overall components of the circulatory system.

*4 points 2. Differentiate veins from arteries.

*2 points 3. Describe the primary function of the capillary.

*2 points 4. Variations of circulatory anatomy are common. Name the type of blood vessel that shows considerable anatomical variation within a species.

*5 points (2 points definition, 3 points sketch) 5. What is meant by a single pump circuit in the fish. Include a simple sketch with your answer.

*4 points (2 points per definition) 6. Define afferent and efferent as it pertains to branchial blood vessels.

*4 points 7. Describe a portal system. (2 points) The hepatic portal system carries blood between what organ(s)? (2 points)

*7 points (1 point per root) 8. Define the roots “lien-“, “hepat-“, “pulm-“, “lingu-“, “gastr-“, “costo-“, and “inter-“.

*8 points 9. Name the 4 heart chambers in a mammal. (4 points) Name the 4 heart valves. (4 points)

*9 points 10.  Trace the blood flow through the mammalian heart chambers in order, to and from the major blood vessels.  Include in your answer the four heart chambers, the precava, postcava, pulmonary veins, pulmonary trunk and aorta.

*2 points 11. Why does the heart have valves?  (ie what is their function)

*1 point 12.  True or False (choose one): An artery always carries oxygenated blood.

Chapter 21: Read this Chapter and Identify, Label, and Color the following on Squalus using the Shark heart/tail/gills, abdominal arteries, veins 1 and 2 labeling illustrations:

*36 points possible. 1 point for correct identification of each structure and for coloring all portions of each structure. 1 point for a pair of directional terms for each of the six illustrations. 1 point for overall neatness of submission for each of the 6 shark  illustrations.

1)Heart, 2)Sinus venosus, 3)Atrium, 4)Ventricle, 5)Conus arteriosus, 6)Ventral aorta, 7)Afferent branchial arteries, 8)Efferent branchial arteries, 9)Dorsal aorta,10)Paired dorsal aortae, 11)Coronary artery, 12)Subclavian artery, 13)Coeliac artery, 14)Anterior mesenteric artery, 15)Lienogastric (=Gastrosplenic) artery, 16)Posterior mesenteric artery, 17)Iliac artery, 18&19)Caudal artery and vein, 20)Hepatic portal vein, 21&22)Posterior cardinal sinus & veins, 23)Common cardinal veins, 24)Lateral abdominal vein.

Week 11 – OCTOBER 28 – In Person Lab: CAT BLOOD VESSELS

You will have 2 in-person labs to complete this list of cat vessels.

 Chapter 58: Dissect your cat as described and identify the following:

CAT: Pulmonary trunk, Pulmonary arteries, Pulmonary veins, Aorta, Aortic arch, Thoracic aorta, Abdominal aorta, Brachiocephalic artery, Left & Right Subclavian arteries, Common carotid arteries, Internal mammary artery, Vertebral artery, Axillary artery, Subscapular artery, Brachial artery, External carotid artery, Lingual artery,

External jugular vein, Transverse jugular vein, Internal jugular vein, Cephalic vein, Brachial vein, Subclavian vein, Axillary vein, Subscapular vein, Brachiocephalic veins, Vertebral vein, Precava, (=Cranial vena cava or Anterior vena cava), Internal mammary veins, Azygous vein,

Coeliac artery, Hepatic artery, Left gastric artery, Splenic artery (2 main branches), Cranial mesenteric artery, Caudal mesenteric artery,

Caudal mesenteric vein, Cranial mesenteric vein, Gastrosplenic vein, Hepatic portal vein,

Renal artery and vein, Internal spermatic/Ovarian artery and vein, Deep ilial circumflex artery and vein, External iliac artery, Femoral artery and vein, Saphenous artery and vein, Popliteal artery and vein, Internal iliac artery,

External iliac vein, Internal iliac vein, Common iliac veins, Postcava (=Caudal vena cava or Posterior vena cava), Hepatic veins.

Week 11 – OCTOBER 28-NOVEMBER 3 – Virtual Lab: SQUALUS HEART & BLOOD VESSELS

Continue on the list of shark circulatory structures listed under Week 10.

Week 12 – NOVEMBER 4 – In Person Lab: CAT BLOOD VESSELS

Continue on the list of cat circulatory structures listed under October 28.

EXCRETION & REPRODUCTION

Week 12 – NOVEMBER 4-10 – Virtual Lab: SQUALUS UROGENITAL SYSTEM

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES:

Chapter 9, 20, 30, 57

*2 points 1. Define retroperitoneal, as it relates to the kidney.

*2 points 2. Name the male copulatory organ in the dogfish shark.

*4 points 3. Define viviparous and give an example of a vertebrate that is viviparous.

*4 points 4. Define oviparous. (2 points) Give an example of a vertebrate that is oviparous. (2 points)

*4 points 5. Explain what the term “urogenital sinus” means in both males and females.

Chapter 20:  Read this Chapter and Identify, Label, and Color the following on Squalus using the Squalus urogenital labeling illustration:

*13 points possible. 1 point for correct identification and coloring of each structure. 2 points for labeling which is male and which is female. 1 point for overall neatness of submission for each of the 2 shark illustrations.

1)Kidney, 2)Archinephric duct (easier to find in male, and is modified & known as Ductus deferens or Vas deferens in males), 3)Ovary, 4)Oviduct, 5)Uterus, 6)Cloaca, 7)Testis, 8)Seminal vesicle, 9)Clasper.

Week 13 – NOVEMBER 11 – In Person Lab: CAT UROGENITAL SYSTEM

 Dissect your cats and observe the following (Chapter 57): 

Kidneys, Hilus, Renal capsule, Renal cortex, Renal medulla, Renal pelvis, Ureter, Urinary Bladder, Urethra, Ovaries, Oviduct (=Uterine tube), Uterine horns, Body of uterus, Vagina, Cervix of uterus, Urogenital sinus (=urethra in male, but common opening for vagina & urethra in female), Testis, Scrotum, Spermatic cord, Epididymis, Ductus deferens, Inguinal canal, Penis, Prostate gland.

Week 13 – NOVEMBER 11-17 – Virtual Lab: NECTURTUS UROGENITAL SYSTEM

Chapter 30:  Read this Chapter and Identify, Label, and Color the following on Necturus using the Necturus urogenital labeling illustration:

*14 points possible. 1 point for correct identification of each structure and for coloring all portions of each structure. 2 points for labeling which is male and which is female. 1 point for overall neatness of submission for each of the 2 Necturus illustrations.

1)Kidneys, 2)Archinephric ducts (coiled in male & easier to see), 3)Cloaca, 4)Urinary bladder, 5)Ovaries, 6)Mesovarium, 7)Oviducts, 8)Ostium tubae, 9)Testes, 10)Mesorchium.

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Week 14 – NOVEMBER 18 – In Person Lab: SHEEP BRAIN

Observe the following on a mammalian (sheep) brain (Chapter 59): 

Pia mater, Dura mater, Arachnoid, Telencephalon, Cerebrum/Cerebral hemispheres, Gyri, Sulci, Olfactory bulbs (part of I), Diencephalon, Hypothalamus (including Optic chiasma, Infundibulum, Mammillary body), Thalamus (Intermediate mass), Optic nerves (II), Optic tract, Pituitary gland, Mesencephalon, Corpora quadrigemina, Superior colliculi, Inferior colliculi, Cerebral peduncle, Oculomotor nerve (III), Trochlear nerves (IV), Metencephalon, Pons, Cerebellum, Vermis, Cerebellar hemispheres, Myelencephalon, Medulla oblongata, Trigeminal nerve (V), Abducens nerve (VI), Accessory (XI), Hypoglossal nerve (XII). SAGITTAL SECTION STRUCTURES: Corpus collosum, Fornix, Lateral ventricle, Third ventricle, Midbrain (=cerebral) aqueduct, Fourth ventricle, Pineal body, Cerebral cortex (Gray matter, make a small frontal section to see this), White matter of cerebrum, Arbor vitae.

Week 14 – NOVEMBER 18-24 – Virtual Lab: SQUALUS BRAIN

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES:

Chapter 12, 22, 59

*2 points 1. Classify the nervous system into two subdivisions.

*4 points 2. What type of information is carried by afferent neurons? By efferent neurons?

*2 points 3. Define mixed as it pertains to nerves.

*1point 4. Typically, anamniotes possess how many cranial nerves?

*12 points 5. Typically, amniotes possess 12 cranial nerves. Name them in order. (1 point each)

*2 points 6. Although it is considered a “nerve”, which cranial nerve is not really a nerve at all?

*8 points 7. Name the three regions of the embryonic brain. These three regions differentiate into what five regions during development.

*3 points 8. Name the three layers of mammalian meninges. (1 point per correct layer)

*6 points 9. Describe the function of the pineal gland/organ in lower and higher vertebrates.

*1 points 10.  Name the substance found in the brain ventricles.

*2 points 11. Define receptor and effector as they relate to the nervous system.

Chapter 22: Read this Chapter and Identify, Label, and Color the following on Squalus using the Squalus dorsal, ventral, sagittal brain illustrations:

*24 points possible. 1 point for correct identification of each structure and for coloring all portions of each structure. 1 point for overall neatness of submission for each of the 3 shark illustrations.

(Note:  Bold print indicates the regions of the brain and structures following the bold print are located within that region. Bold print terms must be included in your labeling/coloring.  You may add brackets or indicate regions with colors with an explanation in a legend.)

DORSAL STRUCTURES: 1)Telencephalon, 2)Olfactory bulb, 3)Olfactory tract, 4)Cerebral hemispheres, 5)Diencephalon, 6)Tela choroidea, 7)Mesencephalon, 8)Optic lobes, 9)Metencephalon, 10)Cerebellum, 11)Myelencephalon, 12)Medulla Oblongata.

VENTRAL STRUCTURES: 13)Pituitary gland (Hypophysis), 14)Optic nerve, 15)Optic chiasma.

SAGITTAL SECTION STRUCTURES: 16)Lateral ventricles (=Ventricles I and II), 17)Third ventricle, 18)Fourth ventricle, 19)Optic ventricle, 20)Cerebellar ventricle, 21)Cerebral aqueduct (Aqueduct of Sylvius).

Week 15 – DECEMBER 2 – In Person Lab: CAT NERVES and ONLINE CAT Circulatory/Urogenital/Nervous LAB TEST due December 8

Observe the following on the cat (Chapter 59):

Brachial plexus nerves, including: Musculocutaneous nerve, Radial nerve, Median nerve, and Ulnar nerve. Lumbosacral plexus nerves, including: Femoral nerve, Saphenous nerve, Ischiadic (sciatic) nerve, Common peroneal nerve, Tibial nerve.

Week 15 – DECEMBER 2-8 CAT or SHEEP CIRCULATORY, UROGENITAL, NERVOUS SYSTEMS EXAM to be taken ONLINE, ON CANVAS, by DECEMBER 8 at 11:59 PM

Week 15 – DECEMBER 2-8 – Virtual Lab: Use this time to review & assemble your third assignment by DECEMBER 8 at 11:59 PM. It includes the labeled and Colored Pictures from all Virtual Labs from Weeks 10-14 – Circulation and Brain of shark, Urogenital in shark and mud puppy, and Answers to Selected Chapter Objectives. (225 total points: 87 points drawings + 110 points answer to objectives, + 28 points per overall assignment rubric.)